The Dietary Ration for Military Personnel（GJB 826C—2022）is a new standard formulated after revision of the national military standard - Dietary Ration for Soldiers （GJB826B—2010）. The major changes included that：①The daily standards of the ration for different types of stoveswere merged and integrated, and special requirements for food ration and food quality of personnel in special positions such as pilots, divers and those in direct contact with nuclear materials were specified;②The food structure was optimized. The daily standards of ration for grain, animal food, especially livestock and poultry meat were lowered while those for fruit and milk were increased.The requirements for the supply of whole grains were elevated while the proportions of lean meat, beef and mutton, seafood and other animal foods were detailed;③The new daily standards for nuts were added.The new standard could better meet the practical needsof actual combat, underscored dietary quality, and proved to be more user-friendly and practical. It is of great significance for improving the dietary nutrition of troops, creating a new dietary pattern to improve combat effectiveness, constructing a support system for joint military operations, and enhancing the military supply capabilities in China.

As an important frontier for research, neuroscience and brain-inspired intelligence have become priorities of research globally. Noninvasive neuromodulation and neurofunctional evaluation techniques have become important tools for neuroscience research and clinical applications. Noninvasive neuromodulation techniques represented by transcranial magnetic stimulation have proved to promise good prospects in the treatment and rehabilitation of a variety of neurological diseases. This paper reviews the main effects of PBM in the treatment of brain diseases and cognitive impairments.

As the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic has come to an end, there have been changes in the global R&D of COVID-19 vaccines. In general, the demand for COVID-19 vaccines in many countries has been diminishing, related R&D is losing steam, the number of ongoing projects that have made no progress or have been terminated has increased, and the remaining projects are turning to innovative technologies such as mRNA vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines. Since 2023, more than ten COVID-19 vaccines have been approved globally, most of which are upgraded versions of the original vaccines developed by research institutions targeting different variants of Omicron. In terms of developments, the R&D of COVID-19 vaccinesis becoming more innovative.Positive progress has been made in some of the next-generation COVID-19 vaccines aimed at providing broad-spectrum and long-lasting protection and in respiratory infectious disease combination vaccine projects. China should formulate workable plans, promote sustainable research and development of COVID-19 vaccines, and make key technical reserves to prevent and addresspandemics and public health emergency risks in the future.

Cognitive ability assessment and cognitive enhancement techniques play an important role in maintaining and improving human cognitive function, psychological and emotional stability, and in enhancing work efficiency.This paper begins by introducing the theory of cognitive ability, influencing factors and cognitive assessment methods before summarizing the latest progress in current cognitive enhancement strategies and technological paths and analyzing their prospects of applications in order to provide reference for the development and application of personnel cognitive assessment and cognitive enhancement technology in the future.

Mesenchymal stem cells have emerged as a promising cell therapy for anti-tumor research due to their homing properties,low immunogenicity,anti-angiogenic activity,anti-inflammatory properties,and paracrine effects. Paclitaxel has been clinically used for over thirty years in the treatment of various tumors such as ovarian cancer,lung cancer,and breast cancer. However,the broad-spectrum anti-tumor properties of paclitaxel are not possessed by the aforementioned cell therapies. Moreover,its adverse reactions,including peripheral neuropathy,bone marrow suppression,and gastrointestinal reactions,have long plagued cancer patients. In recent years,many studies have focused on combining cell therapy with chemotherapy to achieve better treatment outcomes,giving rise to a new drug delivery system that utilizes mesenchymal stem cells as carriers for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs. This review summarizes the research progress in MSC-based drug delivery systems for paclitaxel.

预防和降低战斗应激对战斗力的损伤一直是美军军事医学研究的重点领域之一。美军在战斗应激调控方面确定了防治基本原则,成立了专门组织和机构,编写了多类指导手册,明确了医疗后送体制,建立了系列评估工具,规范了相关数据采集,未来将更加重视战斗应激控制与管理,提高心理卫生服务利用,加强战斗应激控制实践。

Objective To construct HEK 293T cells that express tardigrade Dsup protein fused with green fluorescent protein copGFP in order to study the effect of Dsup protein on proliferation of HEK 293T cells. Methods The CRISPR/Cas9 gene knock-in system was constructed. The target gene fragments of Dsup, copGFP, EF1α and puromycin were amplified by PCR and inserted into pAAVS1-SFFV to construct the fusion vector of Dsup and copGFP, which was known as pAAVS1-SFFV-Dsup-copGFP-EF1α-Puro. pAAVS1-SFFV-Dsup-copGFP-EF1α-Puro and pAAVS1-CRISPR-Cas9 vector were co-transfected into HEK 293T cells before Dsup gene was inserted into the AAVS1 region of HEK 293T cells via homologous recombination. The HEK 293T cells expressing Dsup gene were obtained following puromycin selection, flow cytometry sorting and genome identification. The expression of Dsup at mRNA and protein levels and proliferation-related genes （MCM2, MCM4, PCNA, Ki-67） were examined to investigate the effects of Dsup gene on the proliferation of HEK 293T-Dsup-copGFP cells. Results The pAAVS1-SFFV-Dsup-copGFP-EF1α-Puro recombinant vector was constructed, and the HEK 293T-Dsup-copGFP cells with Dsup gene inserted in the AAVS1 region were obtained, where both Dsup mRNA and protein were expressed. The cell proliferation rate of HEK 293T-Dsup-copGFP was higher than that of HEK 293T-Control-copGFP（P<0.001）. Further investigation revealed that the expressions of Ki-67 and MCM4 protein in HEK 293T-Dsup-copGFP were significantly higher than in the control group, indicating that the knock in of Dsup gene might enhance the proliferation ability of human cells by promoting the expression of Ki-67 and MCM4 protein. Conclusion A gene editing vector is constructed, and stable cell line HEK 293T-Dsup-copGFP for Dsup fusion expression with copGFP is established. The expression of Dsup gene in HEK 293T cells can promote cell proliferation, possibly by upregulating the expressions of Ki-67 and MCM4 protein.

Objective To develop multimodal joint cognitive representations for the research of visual cognitive activities of the brain, enhance the classification performance of visual information cognitive representations, predict brain electroencephalogram （EEG） responses from visual image features, and decode visual images from EEG signals. Methods A architecture combining a multimodal variational autoencoder network with the Mixture of Product Experts （MoPoE） approach and with a style generation adversarial network based on adaptive discriminator augmentation （StyleGAN2-ADA） was used for facilitating the learning of cognitive representations and the encoding and decoding of EEG signals. This framework not only catered to classification tasks but also enabled cross-modal generation of images and EEG data. Results The present study integrated features from different modalities, enhancing the classification accuracy of cognitive representations of visual information. By aligning the feature spaces of diverse modalities into a cohesive latent space, cross-modal generation tasks were made possible. The cross-modal generation results of EEG and images, derived from this unified latent space, outperformed the one-way mapping methods that involved transition from one modality to another employed in previous research. Conclusion This study effectively integrates and aligns information from various modalities, enabling the classification performance of joint cognitive representations beyond any single modality. Moreover, the study demonstrates superior outcomes in cross-modal generation tasks compared to modality-specific unidirectional mappings, which is expected to offer a new line of thought for the effective unified encoding and decoding modeling of visual cognitive information in the brain.

It has been over two years since the escalation of the Ukraine crisis. From the perspective of medical support, it not only continued the traditional pattern of combat casualties in mechanized warfare but also highlighted characteristics of modern warfare with precise strike on multi-domain battlefields. Specifically, it was manifested with masscasualties and severe and complex injury conditions, which reflected new changes in modern combat casualty treatment. This article summarized the basic situation of the organization and implementation of combat wound treatments,and analyzed the problems of treatments organization such as the efficiency of medical evacuation of the wounded, the allocation of first-line treatment forces, and combat wound treatment suppllies, as well as the technical application problems such as batch classification and assessment of the wounded, debridement and fixation, pain management, bacterial resistance, and the use of tourniquet. Then proposes the key contents that should be paid attention to in the treatments of combat wound in large-scale armed conflicts in the future.

Objective To assess causal associations between specific gut microbiota and different types of cancer by using the two-sample Mendelian randomization （MR） analysis method. Methods On the basis of summary statistics of gut microbiota from a genome-wide association study （GWAS） conducted in German population （n=8956）, single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） that were significantly associated with 430 gut microbiota features were extracted as instrumental variables （IVs）. Summary statistics from the GWAS of 17 types of cancer were used as outcomes. Two-sample MR analysis was used to explore the causal relationship between gut microbiota and pan-cancer, where the analysis results were dominated by inverse variance weighting. Meanwhile, sensitivity analyse of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy test were done to keep the stability of results. Results The genetic susceptibility of 17 gut microbiota features was causally associated with the occurrence and development of 11 different types of cancer,respectively. Conclusion By exploring the causal relationship between different gut microbiota features and pan-cancer,this study has found a potential causal relationship between specific gut microbiota features and cancer, and these gut microbiota may become new biomarkers to provide new ideas for cancer prevention, early screening, and treatment.

Objective To identify stable reference genes for a comparison of the transcription levels of target host genes under viral infection in order to provide data for studies on interactions between the host and the influenza virus. Methods Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR （RT-qPCR） was performed to detect the relative expression levels of six candidate reference genes, including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase（GAPDH）, β-actin, 18S RNA, β; 2-microglobulin （B2M）, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D2（UBE2D2）, and ribosomal protein L37A（RPL37A） in classical cell models （A549 cells and THP-1 cells） under different conditions. The stability of the reference genes was evaluated using such methods as BestKeeper, GeNorm, NormFinder, and comparative ΔCt method. Results The stability of reference genes varied depending on conditions. When such experimental factors as influenza virus infection and immune activation were taken into consideration, β-actin and GAPDH were identified as the most stable reference genes in A549 cells and THP-1 cells, followed by UBE2D2 and B2M. Conclusion The optimal reference genes in A549 cells and THP-1 cells under influenza virus infection or after being treated with interferons or LPS have been identified, which is of referential value for studying the mechanisms of viral infections.;

Objective To investigate the role of Kelch-like- epichlorohydrin-associated protein1/nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor-2-related factor 2 （Keap1-Nrf2） and nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB） signaling pathways in sepsis-associated encephalopathy（SAE）. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice of SPF were randomly divided into four groups （n=10）： the control group and LPS 6 h, 24 h and 48 h groups. The behavioral changes of the mice were assessed based on their general conditions and open field test（OFT）. ELISA was used to measure the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse serum, and the antioxidant capacity assay kit to examine antioxidant activity in brain tissues of mice. Real-time quantitative PCR（qPCR） was adopted to detect the mRNA levels of toll-like receptor4 （Tlr4）, NF-κB, Keap1 and Nrf2 in the hippocampus, and to determine protein expressions of NF-κB、Nrf2、Keap1 and Tlr4 with Western blotting. Results Compared to the control group, the serum concentrations of interleukin 6 （IL-6） in lipopolysaccharide（LPS） groups increased at 6 h, and reached the peak at 24 h and 48 h （P<0.01）. The levels of serum interleukin 18 （IL-18） in the LPS groups increased significantly at 6 h and 24 h （P<0.01） but there was no statistically significant difference compared with the 48h group. The results indicated the activity of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and glutathione（GSH） in brain tissues in LPS groups increased（P<0.01）. OFT results showed the time spent in the center of the open field, the distance covered around the center, and total distance covered by mice in LPS groups were significantly reduced （P<0.01）,except for the time spent in the center of the open field in the LPS 24 h group. The mRNA expressions of Tlr4 and （LPS 6 h, 48 h） NF-κB in the hippocampus tissue of mice in LPS groups were elevated （P<0.05）, so were the mRNA expressions of Keap1 and Nrf2 in LPS 6 h group. Additionally, the protein expressions of NF-κB, Keap1 and Tlr4 increased in LPS groups, so did the protein expression of Nrf2 in LPS 24 h and 48 h groups（P<0.05）. Conclusion Keap1-Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways may play a certain role in SAE.;

Major depressive disorder （MDD） is a mental disease characterized by persistent depression, lack of interest and impaired cognitive function. Antidepressants currently availablein clinic are effective but accompanied by many adverse reactions, such as slow onset, cognitive impairment, sexual dysfunction.Therefore, novel antidepressant targets and therapeutic strategies with rapid onset of action, cognitive enhancement and low adverse effects have increasingly become a promising sphere of research. Studies have suggested that Sigma-1 receptor plays an important role in combating depression by regulating inflammatory response, excitation /inhibition balance and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis.Moreover, Sigma-1 receptor agonists may have the advantages of rapid onset, enhanced cognition and low adverse reactions, which show good prospects for the development of new antidepressants. This article reviews the research progress related to Sigma1 receptors in the regulatory mechanism and treatments for depression in the hopes of providing new insights into new antidepressants.

With wide applications of radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer and other diseases and amid the increasing concerns about global nuclear safety, the research and development of drugs against radiation damage has become a hot spot. Thanks to its high energy properties, ionizing radiation can not only directly damage cell DNA through targeted effects, but also indirectly affect the cell environment through non-targeted effects, leading to cell dysfunction and even death. In this paper, the mechanism of ionizing radiation damage was analyzed, and the mechanisms of action and clinical applications of four types of anti-radiation drugs, namely, antioxidant, apoptosis inhibitor, cytokine and natural radiation protection agent were discussed. These drugs have huge implications for alleviating the targeted and non-targeted effects caused by ionizing radiation.

Objective To evaluate both the causal relationship between plasma metabolites and the risk of knee osteoarthritis （KOA） and the potential mediating or masking effect of immune cells using Mendelian randomization （MR） systems. Methods The GWAS data on 1400 plasma metabolites, 731 immune cell traits and KOA was retrieved from the genome-wide association study （GWAS） database. Two-way MR analysis was used to evaluate the causal relationship between plasma metabolism and KOA. Two-step mediation MR analysis was conducted to evaluate immune cell traits that might have mediating or masking effects. Results After sensitivity analysis and screening, 65 plasma metabolites and 35 immune cell traits were found to have causal relationships with KOA （P<; 0.05）. Mediation analysis found that CD45RA+ CD28- CD8br %CD8br had a mediating effect in the causal relationship between three metabolites （2-hydroxyhippurate, X-07765, X-23739） and the risk of KOA. 2-hydroxyhippurate （salicylic acid） exerted a masking effect, and the effect ratio was 0.0412. Results A variety of plasma metabolites and immune cell traits are causally related to KOA, which should not be regarded as a simple degenerative joint disease. The protective effect of salicylic acid against KOA may be weakened by its role in inducing the differentiation of Treg cells, which is worthy of more studies.

Cognitive dysfunction, predominantly a consequence of neurodegenerative disorders, is a burgeoning health issue. Odor molecules have the unique ability to circumvent the blood-brain barrier through the olfactory pathway, exerting a direct influence on cognitive-related brain regions including the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala, without transiting through the thalamus. These olfactory molecules, mostly sourced from natural plant essential oils, are characterized by significant volatility, minimal adverse reactions, and abundant availability. Hence, research into and applications of olfactory stimulation in improving cognitive dysfunction have raised widespread concerns. This article reviews the relationship between the olfactory pathway and cognitive brain regions, and explores the mechanism by which natural plant essential oils alleviate cognitive dysfunction through olfactory stimulation in order to provide a reference for improving cognitive function via olfactory stimulation.

Objective To discover 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist molecules with novel structures and explore their structure-activity relationship through structure- and mechanism-based drug design, synthesis and activity evaluation. Methods The way in which pimovanserin interacted with 5-HT_2A receptor was analyzed via molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculations.Based on the results of this study, the 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist target compounds with novel structures were designed using pimovanserin as the lead molecule. According to the structures of target compounds, corresponding synthetic routes were designed. The heterocyclic methylamine intermediates were obtained by reductive amination or reduction reaction from heterocyclic formaldehyde or heterocyclic methanonitrile before being reacted with 4-（4-fluorobenzylamino）-1-methylpiperidine to obtain the target compounds using CDI urea synthesis method. The inhibitory activity of the target compounds against 5-HT_2A receptor was tested at the cellular level, and the anti-hallucinogenic effects of the target compounds were tested in the mouse head twitch response model. Results Twelvenovel compounds were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by HR-MS, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR. The results of the activity assay showed that compounds 6a, 6c and 6d exhibited better 5-HT2Areceptor inhibitoryactivity with IC₅₀ values of 120, 152 and 285 nmol/L, respectively while compounds 6c and 6d exhibited better anti-hallucinogenic activity in mice with inhibition rates of 97.0% and 82.9% （10 mg/kg）, respectively. Results The novel compound 6c and 6d have shown strong 5-HT_2A receptor inhibitoryactivity and anti-hallucinogenic activity and deserve more research. Structure-activity relationship analyses of target compounds indicate that the repulsion of the heterocyclic ring with basic N atoms and the accommodation of the heterocyclic ring without basic N atoms by the side extended pocket of the 5-HT2A receptor could significantly affect the ex vivo and in vivo effects of antagonists.

Objective To optimize the solid-phase synthesis process of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide （PMO） and determine the optimal reaction conditions. Methods The PMO tetramer PMO-TTTT was synthesized according to the reported reaction conditions, followed by purification through a semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） process. PMO-TTTT was structurally verified using nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） and high-resolution mass spectrometry. With purified PMO-TTTT as a reference, a calibration curve was established, which subsequently guided the optimization of the reaction conditions for the solid-phase coupling reaction process, including the organic base, additives, duration of reaction and temperature. Under the optimized reaction condition, the anti-influenza A virus PMO sequence, PMO-flu, was synthesized and purified using a nucleic acid purification device. Results The optimal parameters for PMO solid-phase synthesis were determined. The organic base was N-ethylmorpholine, the additive was lithium iodide, the best temperature was 30 ℃, and the duration was 90 minutes. Conclusion The PMO solid-phase synthesis process has been established. LiI has been screened as a potent coupling reaction additive which could significantly boosts the efficiency of PMO solid-phase synthesis.

Pain is one of the five vital signs, and the leading complication of war trauma, so analgesia is critical to combat casualty care. The U.S. Tactical Combat Casualty Care guidelines have defined the battlefield graded analgesic strategies. This paper reviews the assessment of pain grade of war wounds, involving the preliminary evaluation according to categories and conditions of trauma, and the quantitative evaluation according to subjective feeling and objective index monitoring. The analgesic strategies are analyzed, involving such as analgesic drugs local anesthetics, non-steroidal analgesics, opioids, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, and such analgesic techniques as regional nerve block, nerve radiofrequency, nerve ablation and spinal cord electrical stimulation technology. This review is expected to provide a useful reference for improving pain management and war injury treatment in China’s army.

Objective To investigate the effects of syncytial formation induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2（SARS-CoV-2）spike protein（SARS-2-S）on the proliferation and migration of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and mouse melanoma B16 cells in vitro. Methods Plasmids expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 （hACE2） and SARS-2-S were constructed and respectively co-transfected with lentiviral packaging plasmids into HEK-293FT cells before the lentiviral supernatant was collected and infected with A549 cells which were screened by puromycin to obtain the A549 cells respectively that were stably transfected with hACE2（A549-A） and SARS-2-S （A549-S）. The protein expression of A549-A and A549-S cells was verified by Western blotting. A549-A and A549-S cells were co-cultured before their syncytia were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Conditioned media （syncytial supernatant and non-syncytial supernatant） was collected to culture A549 cells,ovalbumin （OVA）-gene-modified B16 cells （B16-OVA）,and B16-F10 cells in vitro.The CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay were used to assess the proliferation capacity of tumor cells,while the wound healing assay was employed to evaluate the migration capacity of tumor cells. Results Stable A549 cell lines expressing hACE2 and SARS-2-S were constructed. The SARS-2-S-induced syncytial formation system was established after co-culture of A549-A and A549-S cells. Both syncytial and non-syncytial supernatants significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of A549,B16-OVA,and B16-F10 cells in vitro,especially the syncytial supernatant. Conclusion SARS-2-S-induced syncytial formation promotes the proliferation and migration properties of A549 and B16 cells in vitro.

Sleep disorders are characterized by abnormal amounts of sleep and unusual behavior during sleep. Long-term sleep disorders can lead to the disruption of normal social functioning or neurological conditions. In recent years, the role of sound wave therapy in improving sleep quality has attracted much attention. This article aims to review the research progress related to the role of sound wave therapy in enhancing sleep quality, cognitive function, and alleviating fatigue in patients with sleep disorders in hopes of contributing to clinical applications.

Objective To investigate the effects of 0.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation on intestinal tissue injury and intestinal microflora in mice. Methods C57BL/6N mice were irradiated with 0.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray at 1 d, 3 d, 7 d and 14 d after irradiation. Jejunum tissues were fixed and frozen, and feces were frozen. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the pathological injury to jejunum after irradiation, ki67 immunohistochemical staining was adopted to detect the proliferation of jejunum crypt cells, and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling was employed to detect the apoptosis of jejunum crypt cells. The expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines in small intestines were detected via radioimmunoassay. The changes of intestinal flora in mice after irradiation were analyzed by metagenomic sequencing, and LEfSe analysis and ROC analysis were used to screen the bacteria with significant differences. Results After 0.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation, the proliferative cells of the jejunal crypt were significantly decreased at 1 d after irradiation（P<0.05）, while the apoptotic cells were significantly increased at 1 and 3 d after irradiation （P<0.01）. The expression of TNF-α at 7 and 14 d after irradiation, that of IL-1β at 1,3,7 and 14 d after irradiation and that of IL-6 at 3,7 and 14 d after irradiation were significantly increased （P<0.05）, while the expression of IL-10 at 7 and 14 d after irradiation was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. After 0.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation, intestinal flora composition changed significantly at phylum, genus and species levels, and Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Alistipes-unclassified, Mucispirillum schaedleri underwent the most significant changes and had higher LDA scores. Conclusion The whole body irradiation of 0.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray can cause intestinal tissue damage and change the composition of intestinal flora in mice.

Objective To analyze the hotspots and developments in the field of language model-assisted artificial intelligence （AI） for antibody design and optimization in order to provide reference for research on development of antibodies. Methods By using CiteSpace software, hotspots of research were analyzed based on literature retrieved from the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases, focusing on three pivotal areas of research related to antibody design and optimization： the construction of pre-trained language models for antibodies, the generation of antibody sequences, and the prediction of three-dimensional structures of antibodies. In addition, this analysis reviewed the major advances in each of the specified research tasks, focusing on the delineation of similarities and differences across studies and dominating challenges in this field. Results From 2019 （10 publications） to 2023 （89 publications）, the scale of and interest in this field kept increasing. Hotspots involved leveraging language models to assist the design or optimization of humanized, high-affinity, and highly specific antibodies. Within each research, methods were characterized by the diversity of model architectures, consistency of training data, and variations in training strategies. Challenges to the field included sparse antigen data, computational power limitations, and insufficient integration of wet and dry lab experiments. Conclusion Research in language model-assisted AI antibody design and optimization is gaining momentum and proves fruitful. However, researchers should be alert to the inadequate attention to antigen-antibody interactions and insufficient integration of experimental and computational validation, conduct more in-depth research and expand applications.

In recent years, public health events caused by severe infectious diseases had a profound impact on human health,economic and social development. Drug stockpiling for infectious disease prevention and treatment is of great significance in improving the ability to respond to public health events.However, the drug stockpiling system of China for infectious disease prevention and treatment still needs to be improved. Based on the investigation and comparison of the current status of drug stockpiling for infectious disease prevention and treatment between China and the United States, this article proposes some suggestions according to China's specific circumstances for reference.

A high-altitude environment is characterized by low oxygen levels, low pressure, and low temperatures. Exposure to the plateau environment often causes damage to the body, leading to the occurrence of acute mountain sickness/chronic mountain sickness（AMS/CMS）. Research indicates that acute or chronic exposure to the special environment can result in overall organ dysfunctions, such as those in the heart and gastrointestinal tract. The damage to the body caused by exposure to the plateau environment is closely related to acute and chronic hypoxia. Physiological maladjustment or disease is usually accompanied by changes in the structure of the gut microbiota. There have been reports on the correlations between the gut microbiota and bodily harm caused by high-altitude exposure. However, the specific types of bacteria involved and the mechanisms of action are still under investigation. This article reviews the intestinal tissue damage caused by low oxygen levels, immune activation, changes in microbial community structure, and differential metabolic products. The association and underlying mechanisms between bodily harm due to high-altitude exposure and the intestinal microbiota are also explored in hopes of stimulating new lines of thought related to the prevention and treatment of bodily harm caused by exposure to the plateau environment.

Objective To determine the infectiousness of the respiratory syncytial virus （RSV） 18537 strain of subtype B in different host cell lines and evaluate its pathogenicity and pathological damage in various animal models. Methods The cytopathic features, viral plaque morphology, viral protein expression, and in vitro proliferation efficiency were assessed to determine the basic biological characteristics of such infections. Nasal drops were used to infect 10-month-old BALB/c mice and 6-week-old cotton mice. The viral load in lung tissue after infection was detected, and the pathological injury was analyzed to assess the pathogenicity. Results The RSV 18537 strain of subtype B strain induced polynuclear fusion in Hep-2 cells, and typical viral plaques were formed in BHK-21 cells. In addition, viral proteins could be detected in Hep-2 and A549 cells. In BALB/c and cotton mice infected with nasal drops, viral nucleic acids were detectable in lung tissue on day 5 post-infection. This dose caused mild thickening of alveolar walls with scattered lymphocytes and neutrophil infiltration. Results The RSV 18537 strain of subtype B can be effectively proliferated in Hep-2 and A549 cells while infecting BALB/c mice and cotton mice, resulting in pathological injury to lung tissue. The 18537 strain of RSV subtype B is less contagious than the A2 strain of subtype A both in cells and animals.

Acute mountain sickness is a variety of pathological reactions that occur when people enter high altitude areas and are exposed to a hypobaric and hypoxic environment. China has vast high-altitude regions with complex terrains and of strategic importance. With the increase in large-scale combat training activities, more troops have entered high-altitude areas to carry out training. The hypobaric and hypoxic environment at high altitudes impacts the generation of combat effectiveness. The Wilderness Medical Society （WMS） has issued consensus guidelines for the prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness in 2010, 2014, 2019 and 2024,respectively. The commonly used drugs for the prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness include acetazolamide, dexamethasone, acetaminophen and nifedipine while non-pharmaceutical approaches include gradual ascendance, pre-acclimation, oxygen inhalation, descendance to a lower altitude, and portable hyperbaric oxygen chambers. This article was intended to trace the evolution of each means of prevention and treatment specified in the four editions of the guidelines, keep track of the latest approaches to acute mountain sickness, and provide a reference for military medical support for related training.

Objective To explore the effect of G-protein pathway suppressor 2（GPS2） on the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells and the underlying mechanism. Methods GPS2 expression was analyzed via The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium （CPTAC） online database. HepG2 cells with stable knockdown or overexpression of GPS2 were established with lentivirus. The protein and mRNA expression levels of GPS2 were detected by Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR（qPCR） while cell proliferation was verified by cell proliferation assay. Cell migration was tested by Transwell and scratch assay. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） biomarkers and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase （MMP） were detected by qPCR. Finally,the expressions of phosphorylation of protein kinase B （AKT） （p-AKT） and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK） （p-ERK） were detected by Western blotting. Results Based on the analysis of TCGA and CPTAC online database,GPS2 was highly expressed in human liver cancer tissues. Knockdown of GPS2 inhibited the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells,while overexpression of GPS2 promoted the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells. Silence of GPS2 up-regulated the mRNA level of E-cadherin（E-CAD）,down-regulated the mRNA levels of N-cadherin（N-CAD）,Vimentin（VIM）,MMP2 and MMP9,and reduced the p-AKT and p-ERK. In contrast,overexpression of GPS2 decreased the mRNA level of E-CAD,increased the mRNA levels of N-CAD,VIM,MMP2 and MMP9,and elevated the protein levels of p-AKT and p-ERK. Conclusion GPS2 can promote the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells,which might be attributed to increased activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and the EMT process.

Objective To investigate the genetic characteristics and recombination of human-infected sapoviruses （SaVs） worldwide using bioinformatics. Methods The complete genome sequences of SaVs were downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information （NCBI） while high-quality complete genomes were retained for analysis. Molecular phylogenetic trees of SaVs were constructed to analyze their genetic characteristics, followed by recombination analysis of human-infected SaV strains genetype Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅳ, andⅤ （GⅠ, GⅡ, GⅣ, and GⅤ） with recombination analysis software. Results SaVs exhibited substantial genetic diversity worldwide and infected a wide range of hosts. Human-associated SaVs included GⅠ, GⅡ, GⅣ, and GⅤ, with GⅤ shared between human and swine hosts. Genetype recombination analysis of SaVs revealed a high frequency of recombination in SaV GⅡ strains that involved diverse hosts in the field of SaV GⅤstrains. Recombination breakpoints of the virus were concentrated in the major viral proteins 1 （VP1） and minor viral proteins 2 （VP2）. Results Based on systematic analysis of the genetic characteristics of human-infected SaVs, the genotype distribution and prevalence of SaVs are investigated, the recombination patterns of SaV revealed, and its genetic dynamics highlighted. These findings can offer insights into epidemiological trends of viruses and help devise effective prevention and control strategies.

Objective To offer a detailed review of developments in research on noise-induced hearing loss by constructing a knowledge map in order to provide data for related studies in China. Methods The literature related to research on noise-induced hearing loss was retrieved from the Web of Science and used as the subject. Such software for visualization analysis as VOSviewer, CiteSpace and Bibliometrix was used to construct the knowledge map. The way in which research on noise-induced hearing loss evolved was explored in terms of trends of publication, co-occurrence networks and co-occurrence of key words. Results Research on noise-induced hearing loss was fast-developing. The United States ranked first in this field in terms of the total number of articles published and citations. China took the second place in the number of articles published. The top institutions in the number of articles published included the University of Michigan, University at Buffalo SUNY, Harvard, Karolinska Institute and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Conclusion Research in this sphere started with cochlear hair cells. Cochlear implant,hidden hearing loss and cochlear synaptopathy have come to be the hot spots for related research. Research on hair cell regeneration and sex difference has provided a new line of thought for the gene therapy and hormone therapy of noise-induced hearing loss.

Objective To evaluate the protective effect of dental pulp stem cells （DPSCs） against high-altitude pulmonary edema （HAPE） and explore the mechanism. Methods Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the normal control group （Control）, high altitude pulmonary edema group （HAPE） and DPSC prevention group （DPSC）. Three days and one day before the hypobaric and hypoxia environment was simulated, DPSCs were administrated via the tail vein in the DPSC group, and phosphate buffered saline（PBS） of the same volume was injected in the control group and HAPE group. After that, rats in the HAPE group and DPSC group were placed in a simulated hypobaric and hypoxic cabin to simulate the environment at an altitude of 6000 m before an HAPE model was established. The rats were sacrificed 3 days later, and the histopathological changes of lung tissue were observed via hematoxylin-eosine （HE） staining. The dry/wet weight of lung tissues was recorded. The concentrations of total protein in lung homogenate were detected using the BCA method. The expression of aquaporin 1 （APQ-1） in lung tissue was detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and Western blotting. Colorimetry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） were used to detect the concentrations of plasma vasoactive substances. The expression of inflammatory factors in serum and lung tissue was detected by ELISA and RT-PCR respectively. Results After three days of treatment in a simulated hypobaric and hypoxic environment, the lung tissue of the HAPE group showed infiltration of inflammatory cells, alveolar wall thickening, alveolar septum thickening and increases of exudation. DPSC prevention could significantly reduce the histopathological damage to the lung. Lung water content （LWC） and total protein content of lung homogenate were significantly increased in the HAPE group but obviously reduced in the DPSC prevention group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant （P<0.01）. The protein and mRNA expression levels of AQP-1 in lung tissue of the HAPE group were significantly decreased, but prevention via DPSCs could enhance the expression of AQP-1 in lung tissue. In the HAPE group, the concentrations of nitrous oxide （NO） and prostacyclin （PGI2） in plasma were significantly decreased, but prevention via DPSCs could significantly increase the expression of plasma vasoactive substances. The expressions of inflammatory factors interleukin-1α （IL-1α） and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） in serum and lung tissue of the HAPE group increased significantly, but decreased in the DPSC prevention group. Conclusion DPSCs can help prevent high-altitude pulmonary edema in rats by promoting the expression of aquaporin, increasing the content of vasodilators in plasma and reducing the expression of inflammatory factors in serum and lung tissue.;

Objective To determine the optimal conditions for CXCR4 upregulation by comparing the expression levels of chemokine （C-X-C motif） receptor 4 （CXCR4） in MSCs cultured with varying concentrations of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂）. Methods MSCs were cultured with 0.1%, 1%, or 3% O₂ and 50 μmol/L H₂O₂ for different lengths of time （3, 6, 12, and 24 h）. The mRNA and protein expressions of CXCR4 in MSCs were measured by real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR）, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. The viability and chemotactic ability of MSCs were measured using CCK-8, wound-healing and Transwell migration assays. Results Both hypoxia and H₂O₂ treatment were found to upregulate MSC expressions of CXCR4 to some extent. The mRNA and protein levels of CXCR4 were higher after 6-12 h of culture of MSCs with 3% O₂, and significantly higher when treated with H₂O₂ for 6 h. Cell viability was significantly increased after culture with 3% O₂ compared with the control group and both 3% O₂ and H₂O₂ pretreatment could enhance chemotactic migration in MSCs. Conclusion Culture with 3% O₂ and H₂O₂ pretreatment can upregulate CXCR4 expressions in MSCs and enhance migration in cells, with superior effects observed with 3% O₂. Therefore, treatment with 3% O₂ represents the best choice for upregulating the chemotactic ability of MSCs.

Bacteria have posed a threat to human health,and the emergence of super bacteria has made it more difficult to cure bacterial infections in clinical practice. Currently,vaccines are one of the effective means of preventing bacterial infections. With the rapid development of cutting-edge technologies in recent years in such disciplines as biology,medicine,and materials science,various innovative strategies have been provided for vaccine research and preparation. This article summarizes the status quo and prospects of innovative vaccines for treating bacterial infections in recent years,including subunit vaccines,mRNA vaccines and attenuated live vaccine in the hopes of providing data for subsequent development and research of bacterial vaccines.

Sleep disorders are characterized by difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep, excessive sleepiness, abnormalities of respiration during sleep, disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle and abnormal movements that disturb sleep. The incidence is increasing year by year, which causes a wide range of mental diseases and metabolic disorders, and impacts the health of soldiers. Sleep scales, regarded as one of the main methods for screening and diagnosing sleep disorders, are currently in the spotlight. This review describes the characteristics of different sleep scales in the hopes of providing data for proper selection of sleep scales in the assessments and diagnosis of different sleep disorders, and improving the sleep quality of soldiers.

Objective To establish a mouse model of liver aging induced by irradiation combined with hepatectomy. Methods A model was established via single irradiation combined with hepatectomy. The survival rate, body weight, liver index and liver function of the mice were detected. The expressions of senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors in serum were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） and flow cytometry. The mRNA levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors and telomerase in liver tissue were detected by real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR）. The expressions of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A （CDKN1A） and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A （CDKN2A） were determined by Western blotting. ELISA was used to calculate senescence-associated β-galactosidase （SA-β-Gal） and lipofuscin levels. Tissue malondialdehyde levels were measured using the thiobarbituric acid （TBA） method. The size of hepatocyte nuclei and lipid accumulation were detected by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） stainingand oil-red-O while triglyceride levels in the liver were studied with the weighing method. Results After irradiation combined with hepatectomy, the body weight of mice was significantly reduced, the liver index was not significantly affected, but the transaminase level was significantly increased. The levels of SA-β-Gal and lipofuscin increased while telomerase activity decreased significantly, and the nucleus size increased. The expressions of cyclin dependent protein kinase inhibitors CDKN1A and CDKN2A increased. The levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors were significantly increased. Hepatic lipid deposition and oxidative damage were aggravated. Results A mouse model of liver aging induced by irradiation combined with hepatectomy has been established.

Military camps are characterized by compact space and high personnel density, which increases the risk of emerging respiratory infectious diseases and makes prevention and control difficult. One effective solution is to use a compartment model for early warning, prediction of epidemic outbreaks, and for optimization of precautions. Given the strong similarities in the transmission of emerging respiratory infectious diseases across military camps and communities, this article summarizes the cases where compartment models have been used both at home and abroad, constructs a susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed model and a susceptible-exposed-infectious-quarantined-removed model, and simulates the prediction of trends and selection of prevention and control measures in typical military camp scenarios after the outbreak of an epidemic in hopes of providing references for the prevention and control of emerging respiratory infectious diseases and for the construction of a regional intelligent early warning platform in military camps.

The hypobaric and hypoxic environment on the plateau impacts human neurocognitive functions. This paper summarizes cognitive assessment techniques currently available in general and the impact of high-altitude environmental exposure on human cognitive function in the past 10 years in particular. The development of emerging technologies in recent years has enabled multimodal physiological-psychological-behavioral detection to evaluate neurocognitive function more quickly and objectively. In line with the needs of brain science, this paper studies the construction model of a multimodal intelligent cognitive system that integrates monitoring, assessment and early warning before a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation platform for brain cognition is proposed, which can be applied to maintain and enhance brain cognitive function in military operations in the future.

Objective To construct secretory IgA （sIgA） based on the previously screened IgG neutralizing antibody ZW2G10 against SARS-CoV-2, evaluate its activity and find out about the biodistribution of sIgA in ICR mice after nasal administration. Methods After expression, purification, and identification, sIgA was evaluated for its binding and neutralizing activity through ELISA and pseudovirus-based neutralization assays. SIgA was coupled with Alexa Fluor 750 dye and administered to mice via nasal administration. In vivo imaging was used to observe the biodistribution of sIgA. After dissection of the mice, the biodistribution of sIgA in various tissues and organs was observed. Results Compared with IgG, sIgA retained the binding ability to SARS-CoV-2 S proteins, and its neutralizing ability was enhanced. After nasal administration of a single dose of 1 mg/kg, sIgA could be retained in the lungs of mice for more than 72 hours. SIgA could be detected only in the nasal cavity and gastrointestinal tract within 8 h of administration, but not in the heart, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, bladder or blood. Conclusion In this study, a universal and efficient sIgA expression system has been established. sIgA can effectively target the respiratory tract and lungs after nasal administration. SIgA is expected to become a potential drug that provides immediate passive immune protection.

The dengue virus, a member of the Flavivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family, is responsible for dengue fever, an acute mosquito-borne infectious disease that can progress to severe forms such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, taking a heavy toll on human health. Despite its impact on global public health, there are currently no specific drugs available that are both safe and effective for the treatment of dengue fever so that the research and development of related drugs are facing huge challenges. This paper not only pointed to the critical importance and urgency of developing antiviral medications, but also reviewed recent advancements in the development of dengue virus inhibitors of two categories： candidate drugs that directly target viral structural and non-structural proteins, and antiviral candidate agents that focus on host receptors. Additionally, this paper provided an overview of the progress in and the mechanisms of various inhibitors in the hope of providing a reference for antiviral drug development and the treatment of dengue fever.

Military training represents one of the most essential activities for troops during peacetime, of which the prevention and treatment of training-induced injuries are a very important part. Recent findings of research suggest that cold atmospheric plasma （CAP） exhibits a distinctive and multifaceted superiority in terms of broad-spectrum sterilization, rapid blood coagulation and healing promotion for wounds. Consequently, CAP has good prospects of applications in diverse fields such as clinical medicine, emergency rescue and military medicine. Based on a review of the research progress in plasma medicine, the applicability of CAP in the prevention and treatment of military training injuries was discussed in this paper by focusing on the urgent issues related to military training injury, including the typical application scenarios and methods for CAP, the safety and effectiveness of plasma trauma prevention and treatment, and the key issues facing the prevention and treatment of military training injuries.