In 2024, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency （DARPA） intensified its deployment and management of biotechnological defense applications that involved four major domains： combat effectiveness enhancement, biosecurity defense, development of military materials, and intelligent biotechnology. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of DARPA′s 2024 biotech advancements to provide a reference for related research and development in China.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the leading cause of potentially survivable combat casualty death,dominated by non-compressible hemorrhage in the torso and junctional areas. Rapid hemostasis using war trauma dressings is the mainstay of treatment for such casualties. The article reviews the research progress of novel hemostatic dressings for war trauma,including novel improved dressings,multifunctional dressings,electrospinning wound dressings,and smart dressings in order to provide references for the research on war trauma dressings.

In military operational environments, soldiers are frequently exposed to the combined effects of multiple stressors, whether natural, physical or psychological, which combine to impact their physiological and psychological health. This paper elaborates stress among soldiers in military operational environments in terms of manifestations, underlying mechanisms and interventions. It has been found that the primary physiological mechanisms involve the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis while psychological ones are related to cognitive appraisal and emotional regulation. Coping strategies for stress include stress assessment in soldiers, virtual reality（VR） simulation training and psychological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy and mindfulness meditation. Subsequent research should focus on the psychophysiological interactiond under specific military stressors and development of personalized intervention programs, such as adaptive VR training protocols. These advancements are crucial to enhancing psychological resilience and preserving the overall combat effectiveness of military forces.

Objective To find out about perceived stress, self-compassion, cognitive flexibility, and depression among young males at high altitudes, construct a relational model between perceived stress and depression, explore the relationship between perceived stress and depression, and examine the roles of self-compassion and cognitive flexibility. Methods Using the convenient sampling method, 733 young males from a high-altitude unit were surveyed via the general information questionnaire, the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale （CPSS）, the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory （CFI）, Self-Compassion Scale （SCS） and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scales （CES-D）. Results （1）The CES-D score was 13.92±; 3.38. （2）Perceived stress was positively correlated with depression （r=0.28,P< 0.01）. （3）Self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress and depression, accounting for 59.05% of the total effect. （4）Cognitive flexibility moderated the relationship between self-compassion and depression （P< 0.05）. Conclusion Young males at high altitudes exhibit notable levels of depressive symptoms. Perceived stress was significantly positively correlated with depression.By enhancing self-compassion and cognitive flexibility, the incidence of depressive symptoms among young males in prolonged high-stress conditions can be reduced.

Objective To explore the neuroprotective effects of nicotinamide riboside against microwave radiation-induced brain injury in mice. Methods Mice were subjected to whole-body uniform microwave radiation （at a central frequency of 2.856 GHz,and average power density of 20 mW/cm⊃2; for 30 min）. After radiation,the mice received intraperitoneal injections of nicotinamide riboside chloride at doses of 250,500,or 1000 mg/（kg·d）. Behavioral performance was assessed using the open field test （OFT） and elevated plus maze （EPM）. Histopathological changes in the cortex （CTX）,hippocampus （HPC）,and hypothalamus （HT） were detected via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Levels of such pro-inflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in the CTX,HPC,and HT were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Proteomic analysis was performed to assess changes in protein expressions in the CTX. Results After microwave exposure,the exploratory behavior of mice was reduced,and the entries into the central zone and open arms were decreased （P<0.05）. Neuronal injuries were increased,and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were elevated （P<0.05）. Proteomic analysis indicated that differentially expressed proteins were mostly enriched through oxidative phosphorylation related pathways. NR interventions significantly ameliorated these alterations,as evidenced by increased exploratory behavior,reduced neuronal injury,decreased inflammatory cytokine levels （P<0.05）,and the reversal of expressions of dysregulated proteins,including zinc finger AN1-type domain-containing protein 5 （Zfand5）. Conclusion NR can alleviate brain injury and associated behavioral and neuroinflammatory alterations in mice induced by microwave radiation,which might involve the zfands and other key molecules.

The increasing complexity of modern military operations has heightened research attention to the impacts of sleep restriction （SR） on soldiers’ combat effectiveness. This article analyzes SR-induced deficits in military performance, reviews global military countermeasures （spanning technical interventions to institutional safeguards）, and proposes actionable optimization frameworks for military sleep management.

Objective To investigate the effects of intermittent microwave irradiation on pathological structure and cognitive function of Alzheimer’s disease （AD） mice. Methods Forty C57BL/6J mice and another forty 5×FAD mice were randomly divided into the sham irradiation （sham-WT）,irradiation （MW-WT）,AD sham irradiation （sham-AD）,and AD irradiation （MW-AD） groups,with 20 mice in each. Mice underwent daily 1-hour microwave irradiation （900 MHz,40 Hz repetition rate） on an intermittent schedule： 2 weeks on,2 weeks off,and 2 weeks on again. The cognitive function of mice was assessed via behavioral experiments conducted both immediately and six weeks after irradiation. The expressions of phosphorylated tau（p-Tau） and β amyloid protein （Aβ） plaques were detected via immunofluorescence. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the levels of key enzymes involved in Aβ production and neuroinflammatory factors in the brain tissue. Results Compared with the sham-WT group,the novel object recognition index and the novel arm recognition index in the sham-AD group were significantly reduced（P<0.05）, but those were significantly increased in the MW-AD group compared to the sham-AD group （P<0.05）. In addition,the levels of p-Tau and Aβ proteins in the brain of the MW-AD group were significantly decreased （P<0.05） while the levels of β-secretase and γ-secretase in the cortex were significantly increased （P<0.05）. The levels of CD68,tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）,and interleukin-10 （IL-10） were also increased to varying degrees （P<0.05）. Conclusion Intermittent microwave irradiation （900 MHz,40 Hz） can ameliorate cognitive deficits and attenuate Aβ and p-Tau pathology in AD mice rather than inhibit the key secretases involved in Aβ production or the occurrence of neuroinflammation.

Modern warfare poses a severe challenge to medical support so that portable, efficient, and real-time battlefield diagnostic technologies are needed desperately. This review focuses on wearable ultrasound devices by summarizing their applicability and developments in military medical support. This article analyzes the advantages unique to flexible transducers, portable acquisition of data, and wireless communication as well as ways in which such technologies revolutionize the immediate diagnosis of combat injuries （such as craniocerebral and thoracoabdominal trauma and fractures） and daily health monitoring （including musculoskeletal injuries and cardiovascular assessments）. The article also offers insights into the critical challenges facing imaging quality, data processing, and energy supply endurance in order to clarify the significant implications of this device for enhancing the timeliness of battlefield casualty care, optimizing the allocation of medical resources, and safeguarding soldiers’ health. Furthermore, this study points to the need for intensified research and development of hardware design and intelligent algorithms to accelerate the related applications in military medicine.

Objective To investigate the direct stimulatory effects of calprotectin S100A8/A9 on hepatic stellate cells （HSCs） and underlying regulatory mechanisms. Methods Primary HSCs of mice were stimulated with S100A8/A9 heterodimer recombinant protein at 200 and 1000 ng/mL. Data on quantitative proteomics was obtained using the tandem mass tag （TMT）-labeled method before changes in the protein level of HSCs were analyzed. Differentially expressed proteins （DEPs） were screened using Significance B method and P< 0.05, followed by Reactome pathway enrichment analysis. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions between the DEPs enriched in the pathways were analyzed using the STRING database. Results The protein expression profile of HSCs was significantly altered after treatment with S100A8/A9 at 1000 ng/mL. Reactome pathway enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in such pathways as transforming growth factor-beta （TGF-β） signaling, nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB） signaling activation, cytokine-mediated immune regulation, and collagen biosynthesis. The analysis of protein-protein interactions identified NF-kappa-B transcription factor subunit （RELB）, chemokine （C-X-C motif） ligand 10 （CXCL10） and Notch receptor 1 （NOTCH1） as key hub proteins in the regulatory network. Conclusion S100A8/A9 can directly stimulate the activation of HSCs, through NF-κB signaling, TGF-β signaling, and Notch signaling pathways potentially. This study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the activation of HSCs stimulated by S100A8/A9.

Objective To analyze the incidence of acute radiation dermatitis （ARD） induced by postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer patients during and after radiotherapy,and to explore the contributors to ARD so as to provide data for formulating phased and individualized prevention and management strategies. Methods A convenient sampling method was used to select 98 patients as subjects who had undergone postoperative intensity-modulated radiation therapy （IMRT） for breast cancer between June 2022 and June 2023. According to the grading criteria for Radiation Therapy Oncology Group （RTOG）,the occurrence and severity of ARD in patients during radiotherapy （once a week） and within 6 weeks of radiotherapy （once a week） were dynamically evaluated. The clinical data of the patients was collected. Chi-square test was used for univariate analysis,and Logistic regression analysis was conducted to screen independent contributors. Results Among the 98 patients,96 developed ARD above grade 0,with an overall incidence rate of 97.96%. The incidence rate was 74.5% （73/98） during radiotherapy and 23.5% （23/98） after radiotherapy. ARD was likely 3 to 5 weeks into radiotherapy and 2 weeks after radiotherapy. Univariate analysis showed that age and menopause were significantly correlated with the occurrence of ARD （P<0.05）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis suggested that age <60 years old during radiotherapy was an independent risk factor for ARD （OR=0.272,95%CI 0.091-0.816,P=0.020）,so was menopause after radiotherapy （OR=3.057,95%CI 1.120-8.344,P=0.029）. Conclusion The overall incidence of ARD is high among breast cancer patients after postoperative radiotherapy,and varies by age. Young patients have a higher risk of ARD during radiotherapy while menopausal ones have an increased risk of ARD after radiotherapy. Clinically,phased prevention and control strategies should be implemented for high-risk groups in different periods to reduce the harm of ARD and improve the radiotherapy prognosis of patients.

Ricin is a plant protein toxin and is a type Ⅱ ribosome inactivating protein. Ricin contains two peptide chains, A and B. Chain B has a lectin function and is responsible for identifying cell surface sites while chain A has N-glycosidase activity, which can inactivate ribosomes and produce cytotoxicity. Ricin is simple to prepare and strongly toxic,so it can be used as a biological warfare agent to threaten human safety. So far, no specific antidote has been officially approved for marketing. In this paper, the in vivo transport process, mechanism of ricin and the research progress in antidotes are reviewed, which is expected to provide a reference for subsequent development of ricin-specific antidotes.

Osteoporosis is a globally prevalent metabolic bone disease, with bone homeostasis imbalance being its key pathogenic mechanism. Over the years, studies on the relationship between ambient temperature and bone health have shown heterogeneous results due to different conditions. Epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of osteoporotic fractures varies geographically and climatically. People in cold regions experience earlier bone loss, and high-latitude cold areas are high-risk zones for hip fractures. Osteoporosis is more prevalent in North China that in South China. Additionally, the early stage of the disease is insidious, highlighting the need for early prevention and treatment across the entire population. Mechanistically, low temperatures affect acral bone development, reduce bone blood circulation, cause degradation of bone microstructure, and increase osteocyte apoptosis, thereby promoting bone resorption and reducing bone mass. This review aims to provide data and new lines of thought for the early precise prevention and effective clinical treatment of osteoporosis in cold regions.

Amid increasing globalization, the risk of vector-borne diseases has risen significantly, posing a huge threat to public health in China. This situation is particularly pronounced in the military. Military personnel, who are highly concentrated and engaged in cross-regional operations, are exceedingly vulnerable to an epidemiconce exposed to vector organisms, thus impacting their combat effectiveness and health. Effective vaccines or preventive medications for vector-borne diseases are lacking, so vector control has become critical to curbing the spread. This paper not only analyzes the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in China amid globalization and urbanization, but also summarizes the advancements in novel vector-control strategies that are compared and contrasted with traditional approaches. The prevention and control of vector organisms requires long-term, systematic, and collaborated efforts. China should comply with the basic principles concerning sustainable vector management （SVM）. By strengthening the monitoring system, fostering inter-regional collaboration, and promoting new technologies and equipment, we can safeguard public health and the safety of military personnel and civilians.

Battalion aid stations usually serve as the critical bridge between medical rescue and early treatment, whose treatment efficiency will make a huge difference in the survival rate of casualties on battlefields in the future. This paper reviews the evolution of the functions of U.S. military battalion aid stations. By taking the U.S. Marine Corps and the 75th Ranger Regiment, this article elaborates on the practices by the U.S. military in the construction of battalion aid stations, and unveils the takeaways from the construction of the army battalion aid stations and their limitations. It is recommended that future battalion aid stations should set support tasks based on the need of medical services, optimize the make-up of battalion aid stations, improve their support capabilities and informatization, and provide better en-route treatment in order to ensure battalion aid stations can play a more important role.

Objective To assess the potential causal association between baseline red blood cell （RBC） indices and high-altitude adaptation （HAA） among low-altitude residents by using the two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization （MR） analysis. Methods A total of 82 healthy volunteers from the plains were enrolled to find out whether baseline RBC indices measured under normoxia were correlated with the percent change in hemoglobin （HGB） after 4 hours of simulated hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Summary-level data from genome-wide association studies （GWAS） were collected for RBC indices among 162,255 residents on the plains of East Asia,and for HAA among a combined cohort of 10,295 Tibetans and non-Tibetan individuals of Eastern Asian ancestry. A two-sample bidirectional MR analysis was conducted to assess the potential causal association between baseline RBC indices and HAA. Results Significant negative correlations were observed between baseline RBC,HGB,and hematocrit （HCT） under normoxia on one hand and the percent change in HGB on the other hand after 4 hours of simulated hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Furthermore,when the subjects were dichotomized based on the percent change in HGB,baseline RBC indices could accurately predict the percent change in HGB post-hypoxia exposure （AUC=0.8491,95%CI=0.8178-0.8804）. Forward MR analysis suggested that an inverse-variance weighted random-effects model supported a significant positive correlation of genetically predicted higher baseline HCT （odds ratio [OR]=1.023;95%CI=1.009-1.036;P=8.94×10^-4） and HGB levels （OR=1.027; 95%CI=1.011-1.043; P=7.02×10^-4） with HAA. Reverse MR analysis indicated no significant reverse causation between HAA and baseline RBC indices. Conclusion Genetically predicted higher baseline levels of HCT and HGB may be helpful in the initial stage of HAA.

Objective To evaluate the detection rates of sleep disorders among Chinese soldiers stationed in plateau regions，providing evidence-based support to inform future research and preventive interventions. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted across CNKI，WanFang Data，VIP Chinese Journal Database，Web of Science，and PubMed. The search encompassed studies from the inception of these databases up to August 1st，2024. The quality of the literature was assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality（AHRQ） methodological checklist recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Data extracted from the included studies were analyzed using R software （version 4.3.2） for Meta-analysis. A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall detection rate of sleep disorders and generate a forest plot，while subgroup analysis was performed based on the duration of high-altitude deployment in Chinese soldiers. Results A total of 1498 publications were retrieved，with 20 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. These studies comprised 11 991 soldiers stationed in plateau regions，among whom 3586 cases of sleep disorders were identified. The detection rate of sleep disorders among Chinese soldiers stationed in plateau regions was 36.8% ［95%CI（32.0%，41.5%）］. Subgroup analysis revealed that the detection rate was higher among soldiers stationed for less than one year，at 40.3% ［95%CI（33.5%，47.0%）］，compared to those stationed for more than one year，who had a detection rate of 30.0% ［95%CI（16.1%，43.9%）］. Conclusion The detection rate of sleep disorders in the soldiers stationed in the plateau regions is notably high. Soldiers who have been stationed for less than one year are more likely to susceptible sleep disorders. These findings underscore the need for effective preventive measures to address this issue.

Hemorrhagic shock （HS） is a state of acute circulatory failure caused by massive hemorrhage that results in a sharp decrease in effective circulating blood volume and tissue hypoperfusion. HS easily triggers a series of complex pathophysiological changes, among which mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as a key link. Mitochondria are the center of cellular energy production, which are involved in the regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress response and immune regulation. With in-depth studies on the pathophysiological mechanism of HS, the role of mitochondria in HS has received more attention, but the mechanism of action remains elusive. This article reviews the pathophysiological characteristics, molecular regulatory mechanisms and research progress related to therapeutic drugs for mitochondrial injury after HS in order to contribute to subsequent research in this area.

With the rapid development and widespread application of microwave technology, people's lives and work have been made more convenient. However, the health of those who are constantly exposed to complex microwave environments is also threatened. In recent years, many studies have found that long-term exposure to microwaves can cause damage to cognitive function. However, the damage mechanism has not been fully understood. This article reviews the research progress of microwave radiation on cognitive function in recent years, the damage mechanism, and the related drugs for protection and treatment, in order to provide references for research in this field.

The U.S. Department of Defense （DoD） has made tremendous efforts to build up its biological defense capability in recent years, so that the annual biological defense budget accounts for 14% to 15% of the total of the U.S. government, which is closely related to the rapid development of biotechnology and its strategic significance during the rival between world powers. A second contributor is that the United States has been seeking hegemony in the biological field. In fiscal year 2019-2024, the expenditure/budget of the US DoD′s biological defense spikedwith the layout focused on early warning of threats, pathogen detection and response, and capability enhancement. This initiative is characterized by simultaneous implementation of multiple projects in a wide range of fields, strong synergy between different agencies, integration of military and civil resources, systematic planning of support systems for biological defense technologies.

Organoids are three-dimensional tissue structures derived from stem cells. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the culture technology of human lung organoids. This technology can create three-dimensional tissue structures that can recapitulate the architecture and function of the human lung via stage-specific induction of directed differentiation among stem cells or specialized progenitor cells. As a powerful tool for research, this technology allows in-depth investigation into lung development, provides mechanistic insights into pulmonary diseases, and accelerates the discovery of drugs. This review summarizes the latest progress in the generation of human lung organoids from adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells in general and what needs to be optimized in current culture systems in particular, such as the development of organoid models that can accurately reproduce the distal lung architecture. In addition, the article outlines the applications of human lung organoids in pulmonary disease research, cancer drug screening, and regenerative medicine while opportunities and future applications of this promising technology are also predicted.

Objective To establish a quantum dot immunochromatographic test strip for simultaneous detection of central nervous system-specific protein （S100β） and neuron-specific enolase （NSE）, thereby achieving combined detection of both biomarkers. Methods A double-antibody sandwich immunochromatographic assay was developed using S100β and NSE capture antibodies as the test line and species-specific secondary antibodies as the control line coated on the nitrocellulose membrane. Quantum dot bead-conjugated antibodies targeting S100β and NSE served as fluorescent probes. The preparation parameters of the strip were optimized, and its performance was systematically evaluated to develop a rapid diagnostic strip for mild traumatic brain injury （mTBI）. The diagnostic efficacy of the strip was further validated using clinical samples. Results The total assay time for combined detection of S100β and NSE was 17 min, with a limit of detection （LOD） of 0.1 ng/mL for S100β and 2.67 ng/mL for NSE. The inter-batch reproducibility of the strips was excellent （coefficient of variation, CV<15%）. In clinical validation using 24 mTBI samples, the combined detection strip demonstrated a specificity of 90% and a sensitivity of 92.86%, outperforming single-marker detection. These results prove that the simultaneous quantification of S100β and NSE enhances diagnostic efficacy for mTBI patients. Conclusion A combined detection method for the biomarkers S100β and NSE in mTBI, based on quantum dot immunochromatography, has been preliminarily established. This method demonstrates promising clinical application prospects in the auxiliary diagnosis of mTBI.

Objective To optimize an oxygen dissociation analysis （ODA） technology in order to evaluate the oxygen release capacity of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers （HBOCs） rapidly and accurately. Methods The ODA procedures and statistical approach were optimized. In the course of preparation,HBOCs samples were oxygenated with air for 10 cycles （5 min/cycle ） to reach oxygen saturation. During the testing,N₂ was used at a rate of 20 L/min with a duration of 50 cycles to ensure utter deoxygenation. For statistical analysis,the oxygen release ratio and oxygen release capacity of HBOCs were calculated by using natural hemoglobin （Hb） as the benchmark. After method optimization,the coefficient of variation （CV） decreased from 0.10 to 0.03. The calculation of the oxygen release rate was introduced,and results were positively correlated with P₅₀,which was often used to represent the oxygen-carrying/release ability. Additionally,a semi-quantitative method was adopted to evaluate the Bohr effect to distinguish between acid- and base-Bohr effects. Results After method optimization,the high-throughput ODA could quantify HBOCs’ oxygen release capacity more rapidly and more accurately by measuring the oxygen release ratio,oxygen release rate and semiquantitative Bohr effect.Conclusion The high-throughput ODA is optimized and is applicable to evaluating HBOC’s oxygen release capacity in vitro,which can facilitate HBOCs development.

Objective To compare brain region activation, hemodynamic responses, and functional connectivity between visual perception and visual imagery using functional near-infrared spectroscopy （fNIRS）, and to evaluate the performance of different methods of feature extraction and classification in recognizing visual cognitive states. Methods Hemodynamic signals were recorded from 34 healthy participants using the Shimadzu LIGHTNIRS system during tasks involving the visual perception and imagery of 340 images. Statistical analysis and machine learning approaches were employed to explore the neural representations underlying these processes. Results Analysis of changes inoxygenated hemoglobin （HbO） concentrations suggested that visual perception predominantly activated the occipital regions, with higher response amplitudes and a shorter rise latency. In contrast, visual imagery mainly involved prefrontal activation, with a longer rise latency. General linear model （GLM） analysis showed that the way prefrontal and occipital cortices were activated was considerably different between the two tasks. Functional connectivity analysis indicated enhanced prefrontal-occipital connections during imagery despite the lower overall network efficiency in imagination.Classification results indicated that the support vector machine（SVM）, adaptive boosting （AdaBoost）, and extreme gradient boosting （XGBoost） could all clearly distinguish the two tasks, with XGBoost showing the highest accuracy of 89.1%. Feature ablation analysis identified the skewness, peaklatency, and slope as the best discriminative features. Conclusion Visual perception and imagery show systematic differences in spatial activation, temporal response, and network connectivity. By integrating fNIRS with multidimensional feature modeling and machine learning approaches, the cognitive state can be recognized efficiently.

Objective To investigate the effects of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7 （IGFBP7） on the sensitivity of glioma cells to temozolomide （TMZ） and the related mechanism. Methods IGFBP7 mRNA expression levels in TMZ-sensitive （U87 TMZ-S, U251 TMZ-S） and TMZ-resistant （U87 TMZ-R, U251 TMZ-R） glioma cells were analyzed using RNA sequencing data from the gene expression omnibus （GEO） dataset GSE151680. TMZ-resistant U87 and U251 cell lines were established via stepwise dose escalation. IGFBP7 expressions in TMZ-R cells were detected by quantitative real-time PCR （qPCR） and Western blotting. IGFBP7 was stably knock-downed in TMZ-R cells while IGFBP7 was stably overexpressed in TMZ-S cells using lentiviral infection. Cell viability, migration, invasion and TMZ sensitivity were assessed using CCK-8 assay, apoptosis assay,wound healing assay, Transwell invasion assay and colony formation assay respectively. Cellular senescence was detected by β-galactosidase （SA-β-Gal） staining. The expression levels of senescence molecular markers cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 （p21） and tumor protein p53 （p53）, as well as DNA damage marker γ-H2A histone family member X （γ-H2AX） were determined by Western blotting. The differences in mRNA expressions of IGFBP7 between glioma tissues and normal tissues as well as the correlations with the overall survival of glioma patients were analyzed using the cancer genome atlas （TCGA）,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas（CGGA） ,genotype-tissue expression （GTEx） database. Results Compared to normal glioma cells,IGFBP7 expressions were significantly elevated in TMZ-R glioma cells. Overexpression of IGFBP7 in TMZ-S glioma cells enhanced cell viability but suppressed apoptosis following TMZ treatment. The expressions of senescence-associated marker （p21, p53） and DNA damage marker （γ-H2AX） were upregulated in these cells. Notably, IGFBP7 expressions were significantly higher in glioma tissues than in normal tissues, and high IGFBP7 expressions were associated with poor prognosis in glioma patients. Conclusion Knockdown of IGFBP7 promotes TMZ-induced cell senescence and DNA damage, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of gliomas cells to TMZ.

Objective To investigate the functional changes of oligodendrocytes in a mouse model of cognitive impairment induced by microwave radiation and the mechanism. Methods C57BL/6N male mice were exposed to S-band microwave at 2.856 GHz and 8 mW/cm2 for 15 min. The rectal temperature of mice was monitored by an optical fiber thermometer during microwave radiation. The changes of autonomous exploration behavior and learning and memory ability of mice on the 1st and 7th days after microwave radiation were detected via the open field test and novel object recognition test. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression and distribution of neuroglia-2 proteoglycan （NG2） and myelin basic protein （MBP） in the hippocampus of mice on the 1st and 7th days after radiation. Clemastine fumarate,a drug that promoted the maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells was administered by gavage,and the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） and fibroblast growth factor 2 （FGF2） in hippocampal tissues were detected by radioimmunoassay at 1 and 7 days after radiation. The changes of myelin sheath structure an 1 and 7 days after radiation were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The effects of clemastine fumarate on learning and memory impairment induced by microwave exposure in mice were assessed via open field and new object recognition experiments. Results Under the experimental conditions,the rectal temperature in mice caused by microwave radiation increased by less than 1 ℃,which was within the thermal safety range of the body. The open field test showed that compared with the control group,the microwave radiation group didn′t change significant in terms of movement speedon the 1st and 7th days,but the time spent exploring in the central area was significantly reducedon the 1st day after radiation （P< 0.05）. In the novel object recognition test,the indexes of the mice on the 1st day were significantly reduced （P< 0.05）,indicating that the anxiety like behavior and cognitive function of the mice were impaired after microwave radiation. Compared with the control group,the proportion of NG2+ area in the hippocampus was significantly decreased （P< 0.05） in the microwave radiation group,while that of MBP+ area hardly changed on the 1st day after microwave radiation （P>; 0.05）. The expression level of oligodendrocyte related BDNF in the hippocampus was significantly decreased （P< 0.05）. The myelin of the corpus callosum was broken,and the myelin g ratio was significantly increased （P< 0.05）,suggesting that microwave radiation could reduce the number of oligodendrocyte precursors and damage the secretion and myelin function of oligodendrocyte. Compared with the radiation group,the expression levels of BNDF and FGF2 in the radiation combined with clemastine fumarate group were up-regulated,the myelin g ratio was significantly decreased on the 1st day after radiation（P< 0.05）,and the novel object recognition index was significantly increased （P< 0.05）. Conclusion Pulsed microwave radiation below the body's fever threshold can cause cognitive dysfunction and other brain damage in mice. The impaired secretion and myelin function of oligodendrocytes and the decreased self-repair ability are the important mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction induced by microwave radiation.

Objective To elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of Kupffer cells （KCs） in acetaminophen （APAP）-induced acute drug-induced liver injury and their regulatory mechanisms governing regional hepatocyte regeneration. Methods A Clec4f-iCre & Rosa26-tdTomato lineage-tracing mouse model was established to specifically label KCs. Acute liver injury was induced via intraperitoneal injection of acetaminophen （APAP, 400 mg/kg）. Liver tissues and blood samples were collected at 0,1,2,3 and 7 days post-APAP administration. Histopathological examinations （H&E staining, TUNEL assay for apoptosis detection）, serum biochemical analyses （ALT and AST）, and immunofluorescence staining were employed to find out about the spatiotemporal migration patterns of KCs, their phenotypic transition, and spatiotemporal correlations between KC dynamics and hepatocyte regeneration. Results On day 1 （D1） post-APAP injury, extensive hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis were observed in the pericentral （PC） zone, accompanied by a reduction in KCs count and their migration from the periphery toward the necrotic core. From D2 onward, repair started, with the necrotic area progressively decreasing. By D3, inflammatory cell infiltration was pronounced in the PC zone, concurrent with a peak in hepatocyte proliferation （Ki67⁺ cells： approximately 22%, P<0.05）. During repair, monocytes （CD11b⁺ IBA-1^-） differentiated into monocyte-derived macrophages （CD11b⁺ IBA-1⁺）, which synergistically promoted the regeneration of cytochrome P450 2E1（CYP2E1⁺） hepatocytes in the pericentral zone. By D7, the hepatic lobular architecture was largely restored, indicating the completion of reconstruction of metabolic zonation. Conclusion KCs can regulate hepatocyte regeneration through spatiotemporal dynamics and phenotypic transitions of monocyte-derived macrophages. These findings underscore the pivotal role of macrophage spatiotemporal reprogramming in liver injury repair and may provide data for developing macrophage-targeted therapeutic interventions in hepatic injury.

Objective To develop a new hemostatic material that is both highly efficient and cost-effective using mica and agarose as raw materials. Methods A porous mica-agarose composite gel sponge was prepared via direct cross-linking, followed by freeze-drying. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The influence of the mica content on pore size, water absorption, and volumetric swelling ratio was investigated. Hemostatic performance was assessed by measuring the hemolysis rate and blood clotting index, along with a mouse tail-amputation model. Results The prepared sponge exhibited a uniformly porous structure. Both water absorption and the volumetric swelling ratio increased with the mica content. However, excessive mica led to reduced stability of the pore structure. Biological evaluations revealed a hemolysis rate below 5% and a coagulation index of approximately 30%, suggesting favorable biocompatibility and effective hemostatic performance. Conclusion A composite hemostatic gel sponge based on mica and agarose has been developed, which promises wide applications in clinical hemostasis.

The term “prehospital” is increasingly used in military medicine and military medical service. This article is intended to explore the concept from both military-civilian and Chinese-foreign military perspectives before its range of applications within military medical service in China is summarized.Prehospital emergency care, which involves emergency treatment at the site and during evacuation, applies to peace-time emergency treatment by military medical institutions and hospitals at each level.However, in war time, its applications should be restricted to first aid and related medical treatment institutions. It is recommended that prehospital emergency care be distinguished from combat casualty care.

The high incidence of exertional heat stroke （EHS） has posed a huge threat to the health and combat capability of military personnel.This paper reviews recent advancements in the prevention and management of EHS in general and three pivotal interventions—heat acclimatization,hydration strategies,and cooling interventions—in particular.An optimized framework for military medical support to EHS is recommended.In terms of heat acclimatization,it is recommended that China’s military learn from short-term training protocols employed inother countries, and that a hybrid model combining basic acclimatization with short-term intensive training be adopted.Moreover, intelligent monitoring technologies are to beused as an alternative to traditional laboratory-based heat tolerance tests. Hydration strategies call for individualized regimensand the adherence to the principle of “high-frequency and small-volumes” of fluid intake. Cooling interventions ought to revolve around the critical “golden 30 minutes” therapeutic window,with cold water immersion（CWI）designated as the first option.Additionally,research that aims to investigate the viability of seawater as a CWI alternative is proposed. Based on foreign experience and the realities in China,this paper recommends a comprehensive,integrated and tripartite strategy that involves acclimatization,hydration,and cooling for the whole-process prevention and control of EHS. This approach is expected to provide data for mitigating EHS during military operations in hot and humid environments and for enhancing the efficiency of military medical support.

Objective To investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of YL-0919 （a novel class 1.1 antidepressant drug with an original chemical structure, independently developed by our research institute）in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder （PTSD） and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of inescapable footshock （IFS）. Methods Highly selective sigma-1 receptor antagonist BD-1047 was intraperitoneally injected to verify the target of YL-0919： （1） Mice were randomly divided into the control group, IFS⁺vehiclegroup, IFS⁺YL-0919 （2.5 mg/kg）⁺vehicle group, and IFS⁺YL-0919⁺BD-1047 （2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg） groups. The plantar surface of the mice was subjected to two consecutive days of electric shockto establish an IFS model. Mice in the IFS⁺YL-0919⁺vehicle group and the IFS⁺YL-0919⁺BD-1047 group were orally administeredwith YL-0919 （2.5 mg/kg） twice daily while those in theBD-1047 group （2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg）were administered intraperitoneally once daily, starting two days before YL-0919 administration. One hour after drug administration on the seventh day, the rapid anti-PTSD effect of YL-0919 was evaluated via behavioral experiments. （2）Fluoxetine （Flx） was used as a positive control drug. Mice were randomly divided into the control group, IFS⁺vehicle group, IFS⁺YL-0919 （2.5 mg/kg）⁺vehicle group, IFS⁺YL-0919⁺BD-1047 （2.0 mg/kg） group, and IFS⁺Flx （10.0 mg/kg）⁺vehicle group. Twenty-four hours after drug administration on the fifth day, the rapid anti-PTSD effect of YL-0919 was assessed via behavioral experiments. （3） Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of synaptic plasticity protein PSD95, AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunit-1 （GluA1）, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Results （1） Compared with the control group, there was an increase in freezing time and asignificant decrease in recognition indexes in the IFS model group （P<0.05）. Compared with the IFS group, these changes were significantly reversed by YL-0919 （2.5 mg/kg） （P<0.05）. In contrast, Flx （10.0 mg/kg） did not mitigate the behavior after 5 days of continuous administration, but14 days of administration of Flx （10.0 mg/kg） showed a significant anti-PTSD effect but failed to significantly improve cognitive deficits in the IFS model mice, suggesting that YL-0919 could exert rapid anti-PTSD effect and improve cognitive function compared to Flx. Compared with the IFS⁺YL-0919⁺vehicle group, the anti-PTSD and pro-cognitive effects of YL-0919 were blocked by BD-1047 （2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg）. （2） Compared with the control group, the expression levels of PSD95, BDNF, and GluA1 proteins in the prefrontal cortex of mice were significantly reduced in the IFS model group （P<0.05）, but were significantly increased in the IFS⁺YL-0919 （2.5 mg/kg, administration for 5 days） group compared with the IFS model group （P<0.05）. Compared with the IFS⁺YL-0919 ⁺vehicle group, the increased expression levels of PSD95, BDNF, and GluA1 proteins induced by YL-0919 were blocked after BD-1047 （2.0 mg/kg） administration. Compared with the IFS model group, the expression levels of PSD95, BDNF, and GluA1 proteins in the prefrontal cortex of mice in the IFS⁺Flx （10 mg/kg, administration for 5 days） group did not change significantly. Conclusion YL-0919 can exert rapid anti-PTSD effects and relieve cognitive impairment in the IFS model, and the mechanism of the action may be related to the activation of sigma-1 receptors to regulate synaptic plasticity and BDNF expression in the prefrontal cortex.

Objective To study the ability of a decontaminant-a film-based chitosan （CS） and diethylenetriamine- pentaacetic acid （DTPA） conjugate-to remove radionuclides under waterless or low-water conditions. Methods DTPA was covalently conjugated to CS via amide bond formation to yield CS-DTPA, which was structurally characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） and other analytical techniques. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the film were measured by a universal testing machine while the efficacy of the film in removing radionuclides was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results The successful grafting of DTPA onto CS was confirmed via FTIR, nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy （¹H-NMR）, and X-Ray diffraction （XRD）. Glycerinum was added to obtain the flexible CS-DTPA film with a tensile strength of （14.51±5.83） MPa and an elongation at break of （326.06±38.06）%, suggesting adequate mechanical properties for skin applications. The clearance rate of uranyl acetoxide on the skin exceeded 90% after CS-DTPA treatment. Compared with DTPA aqueous solution, the film significantly reduced systemic absorption of uranyl acetate, as evidenced by lower blood concentrations. Conclusion The CS-DTPA film can effectively remove uranium contamination from the skin and inhibit transdermal absorption, making it applicable to water-restricted settings.

Objective To develop an intelligent compression hemostatic device based on micro-pressure sensing technology for limb bleeding and compare its performance with that of manual inflatable tourniquets. Methods An intelligent inflatable compression hemostatic device was designed using micro-pressure sensors, an automatic pressure inflatable pump, and a pressure fixation belt. The device's inflation performance, material safety, and air tightness were tested through physical property experiments, while its hemostatic efficacy was evaluated using a simulated human limb model and compared with that of manual inflatable tourniquets. Results Compared with the manual inflatable tourniquet, the intelligent inflatable hemostatic device demonstrated significantly shorter inflation time （P<0.05） and better air tightness （P<0.05）. In simulation experiments, the hemostasis time for both small artery bleeding and venous bleeding was significantly shorter with the intelligent inflatable hemostatic device than with the manual inflatable tourniquet （P<0.05）. Conclusion The intelligent compression hemostatic device outperforms manual inflatable tourniquets in terms of inflation performance, air tightness, and hemostatic efficacy. It enables precise, dynamic, and adaptive pressure management, providing a safer and more effective intelligent solution for combat trauma first aid.

As more peptide drugs are increasingly entering the market, cell-penetrating peptides（CPPs） have attracted much attention due to their low toxicity, high target specificity and tolerability. CPPs targeting the central nervous system are able to transport therapeutic cargoes across the blood-brain barrier （BBB）, offering novel strategies for treating the central nervous system （CNS） disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain tumors, and neurotropic viral infections. This review summarizes the structural characteristics of blood-brain barrier-penetrating peptides, elucidates their mechanisms of cellular internalization, and outlines their applications in the treatment of CNS diseases.

Deep vein thrombosis caused by high altitudes has a high fatality and has become a health concern among military personnel at high altitudes. This review summarizes the research progress in the mechanism,prevention,diagnosis and treatment related to deep vein thrombosis at high altitudes in hopes of enhancing the awareness of frontline health care providers about this disease,providing tips for targeted prevention and treatment,and better safeguarding the health of military personnel at high altitudes.

Objective To evaluate the protective effect of miR-486-5p modified umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells （UCMSC^miR-486） against radiation-induced heart damage （RIHD） and explore the mechanism. Methods 20 Gy of ⁶⁰Co γ-ray was used to establish a model for radiation-induced cardiomyocytes and cardiac damage to mice before UCMSC^miR-486 （1×10⁶ cells per mouse） was treated after radiation. Cell proliferation was detected using CCK-8 kit 48 hours post-treatment. Apoptosis, changes of mitochondrial membrane potential, and the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore of cardiomyocytes were detected by flow cytometry. Small animal ultrasound was used to detect and analyze the cardiac function of mice 42 days later. Changes of cardiac histopathology were detected via HE staining and Masson staining. The ultrastructure of myocardia was observed under a transmission electron microscope（TEM）. Real-time quantitative PCR （RT-qPCR） and Western blotting were performed to detect the expressions of ferroptosis-related genes and proteins. Results UCMSC^miR-486 markedly reduced radiation-induced apoptosis and especially reactive oxygen species（ROS） levels in AC16 cardiomyocytes and restored both mitochondrial membrane potential and membrane permeability. Intravenous administration of UCMSC^miR-486 via the tail vein significantly increased ejection fraction and shortening fraction in irradiated mouse hearts, decreased the area of myocardial fibrosis, and mitigated mitochondrial ultrastructural damage UCMSC^miR-486 could inhibit ferroptosis of radiated cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissues of mice by modulating the expressions of ferroptosis-related markers, especially acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4（ACSL4） and glutathione peroxidase 4（GPX4）. Conclusion UCMSC^miR-486 can mitigate RIHD by inhibiting ferroptosis. This finding is expected to offer a new strategy for the clinical translation of mesenchymal stem cells.

Leptomeningeal metastases（LM）in breast cancer patients are rare,but are usually accompanied by severe symptoms and a very poor prognosis. So far,MRI of the brain and/or spinal cord and cytological examination of cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） are the two primary methods used to diagnose LM. However,the sensitivity of either technique is limited, leading to a long diagnostic process,and delaying treatment. Traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapies used to treat systemic diseases are hampered by the blood-brain barrier. Similarly,the efficacy of intrathecal therapy and radiotherapy is controversial. This review summarized advances in the diagnosis and therapies of LM in breast cancer,in the hopes of providing a reference for clinical practice.

Objective To develop positively charged human ferritin nanoparticles capable of modulating the surface properties of adenovirus vectors via electrostatic interaction-mediated self-assembly in order to enhance the cellular delivery efficiency of adenovirus vectors. Methods Based on structure-guided rational design, combinatorial amino acid mutations were introduced into wild-type human ferritin heavy chain（hF-wt）to generate a panel of positively charged ferritin mutants [（+）hFm]. The particle size and electrostatic binding capacity of （+）hFm were characterized using dynamic light scattering （DLS） and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively, to identify the optimal （+） hFm that could self-assemble into nanoparticles and exhibit a high affinity for negatively charged biomacromolecules. Furthermore, the properties of the complex formed by the adenovirus type 5 vector （Ad5） and （+）hFm [Ad5@（+）hFm] were determined. The efficacy with which target transgene expressions were enhanced and the potential cytotoxicity of Ad5@（+）hFm were subsequently evaluated in HeLa cells. Results The positively charged ferritins constructed by combinatorial amino acid mutations successfully self-assembled into nanoparticles with size distributions ranging from 10 to 70 nm. Among these mutants,（+）hFm-2 showed strong electrostatic binding to plasmid DNA at a migration retardation rate of up to 95.59%. At a molar ratio of 1∶1000 [Ad5 to（+）hFm-2], the two components formed a complex with modulated surface properties, which significantly improved Ad5-mediated transgene expressions in the cellular model without inducing detectable cytotoxicity. Conclusion The positively charged engineered ferritin variant（+）hFm-2 can efficiently bind to Ad5 via electrostatic interaction, enhance Ad5-mediated transgene expressions, and possess high biocompatibility.

该文回顾性分析了中国第14批赴南苏丹（瓦乌）维和二级医院2023年12月至2024年12月超声诊疗数据,总结了引入创伤超声重点评估技术、建立超声诊疗分级响应机制、制定疟疾超声预警评估方案、拓展超声应用领域、优化质量管控措施及细化感染防控举措等工作实践,梳理了存在的问题并提出了对策建议,旨在为维和医疗超声工作提供参考。

Depression is a common mental disorder, the pathogenesis of which involves such factors as the imbalance of the monoamine system, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Depression has been found to be associated with dysfunction in the blood-brain barrier （BBB）. In recent years, cannabidiol （CBD） has attracted extensive attention due to its remarkable antidepressant activity and neuroprotective properties. Of particular interest is the possibility that CBD may combat depression by repairing BBB damage and thereby improving the homeostasis of the central nervous system. Based on recent research findings, this article explores the antidepressant mechanisms of CBD, the BBB damage in depression, and the protective effects of CBD on the BBB. It is expected to provide references for subsequent studies on the mechanisms of BBB damage in depression and the discovery of new antidepressant targets.