The Dietary Ration for Military Personnel（GJB 826C—2022）is a new standard formulated after revision of the national military standard - Dietary Ration for Soldiers （GJB826B—2010）. The major changes included that：①The daily standards of the ration for different types of stoveswere merged and integrated, and special requirements for food ration and food quality of personnel in special positions such as pilots, divers and those in direct contact with nuclear materials were specified;②The food structure was optimized. The daily standards of ration for grain, animal food, especially livestock and poultry meat were lowered while those for fruit and milk were increased.The requirements for the supply of whole grains were elevated while the proportions of lean meat, beef and mutton, seafood and other animal foods were detailed;③The new daily standards for nuts were added.The new standard could better meet the practical needsof actual combat, underscored dietary quality, and proved to be more user-friendly and practical. It is of great significance for improving the dietary nutrition of troops, creating a new dietary pattern to improve combat effectiveness, constructing a support system for joint military operations, and enhancing the military supply capabilities in China.

As an important frontier for research, neuroscience and brain-inspired intelligence have become priorities of research globally. Noninvasive neuromodulation and neurofunctional evaluation techniques have become important tools for neuroscience research and clinical applications. Noninvasive neuromodulation techniques represented by transcranial magnetic stimulation have proved to promise good prospects in the treatment and rehabilitation of a variety of neurological diseases. This paper reviews the main effects of PBM in the treatment of brain diseases and cognitive impairments.

As the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic has come to an end, there have been changes in the global R&D of COVID-19 vaccines. In general, the demand for COVID-19 vaccines in many countries has been diminishing, related R&D is losing steam, the number of ongoing projects that have made no progress or have been terminated has increased, and the remaining projects are turning to innovative technologies such as mRNA vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines. Since 2023, more than ten COVID-19 vaccines have been approved globally, most of which are upgraded versions of the original vaccines developed by research institutions targeting different variants of Omicron. In terms of developments, the R&D of COVID-19 vaccinesis becoming more innovative.Positive progress has been made in some of the next-generation COVID-19 vaccines aimed at providing broad-spectrum and long-lasting protection and in respiratory infectious disease combination vaccine projects. China should formulate workable plans, promote sustainable research and development of COVID-19 vaccines, and make key technical reserves to prevent and addresspandemics and public health emergency risks in the future.

It has been over two years since the escalation of the Ukraine crisis. From the perspective of medical support, it not only continued the traditional pattern of combat casualties in mechanized warfare but also highlighted characteristics of modern warfare with precise strike on multi-domain battlefields. Specifically, it was manifested with masscasualties and severe and complex injury conditions, which reflected new changes in modern combat casualty treatment. This article summarized the basic situation of the organization and implementation of combat wound treatments,and analyzed the problems of treatments organization such as the efficiency of medical evacuation of the wounded, the allocation of first-line treatment forces, and combat wound treatment suppllies, as well as the technical application problems such as batch classification and assessment of the wounded, debridement and fixation, pain management, bacterial resistance, and the use of tourniquet. Then proposes the key contents that should be paid attention to in the treatments of combat wound in large-scale armed conflicts in the future.

Mesenchymal stem cells have emerged as a promising cell therapy for anti-tumor research due to their homing properties,low immunogenicity,anti-angiogenic activity,anti-inflammatory properties,and paracrine effects. Paclitaxel has been clinically used for over thirty years in the treatment of various tumors such as ovarian cancer,lung cancer,and breast cancer. However,the broad-spectrum anti-tumor properties of paclitaxel are not possessed by the aforementioned cell therapies. Moreover,its adverse reactions,including peripheral neuropathy,bone marrow suppression,and gastrointestinal reactions,have long plagued cancer patients. In recent years,many studies have focused on combining cell therapy with chemotherapy to achieve better treatment outcomes,giving rise to a new drug delivery system that utilizes mesenchymal stem cells as carriers for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs. This review summarizes the research progress in MSC-based drug delivery systems for paclitaxel.

Objective To construct HEK 293T cells that express tardigrade Dsup protein fused with green fluorescent protein copGFP in order to study the effect of Dsup protein on proliferation of HEK 293T cells. Methods The CRISPR/Cas9 gene knock-in system was constructed. The target gene fragments of Dsup, copGFP, EF1α and puromycin were amplified by PCR and inserted into pAAVS1-SFFV to construct the fusion vector of Dsup and copGFP, which was known as pAAVS1-SFFV-Dsup-copGFP-EF1α-Puro. pAAVS1-SFFV-Dsup-copGFP-EF1α-Puro and pAAVS1-CRISPR-Cas9 vector were co-transfected into HEK 293T cells before Dsup gene was inserted into the AAVS1 region of HEK 293T cells via homologous recombination. The HEK 293T cells expressing Dsup gene were obtained following puromycin selection, flow cytometry sorting and genome identification. The expression of Dsup at mRNA and protein levels and proliferation-related genes （MCM2, MCM4, PCNA, Ki-67） were examined to investigate the effects of Dsup gene on the proliferation of HEK 293T-Dsup-copGFP cells. Results The pAAVS1-SFFV-Dsup-copGFP-EF1α-Puro recombinant vector was constructed, and the HEK 293T-Dsup-copGFP cells with Dsup gene inserted in the AAVS1 region were obtained, where both Dsup mRNA and protein were expressed. The cell proliferation rate of HEK 293T-Dsup-copGFP was higher than that of HEK 293T-Control-copGFP（P<0.001）. Further investigation revealed that the expressions of Ki-67 and MCM4 protein in HEK 293T-Dsup-copGFP were significantly higher than in the control group, indicating that the knock in of Dsup gene might enhance the proliferation ability of human cells by promoting the expression of Ki-67 and MCM4 protein. Conclusion A gene editing vector is constructed, and stable cell line HEK 293T-Dsup-copGFP for Dsup fusion expression with copGFP is established. The expression of Dsup gene in HEK 293T cells can promote cell proliferation, possibly by upregulating the expressions of Ki-67 and MCM4 protein.

Cognitive ability assessment and cognitive enhancement techniques play an important role in maintaining and improving human cognitive function, psychological and emotional stability, and in enhancing work efficiency.This paper begins by introducing the theory of cognitive ability, influencing factors and cognitive assessment methods before summarizing the latest progress in current cognitive enhancement strategies and technological paths and analyzing their prospects of applications in order to provide reference for the development and application of personnel cognitive assessment and cognitive enhancement technology in the future.

预防和降低战斗应激对战斗力的损伤一直是美军军事医学研究的重点领域之一。美军在战斗应激调控方面确定了防治基本原则,成立了专门组织和机构,编写了多类指导手册,明确了医疗后送体制,建立了系列评估工具,规范了相关数据采集,未来将更加重视战斗应激控制与管理,提高心理卫生服务利用,加强战斗应激控制实践。

Cognitive dysfunction, predominantly a consequence of neurodegenerative disorders, is a burgeoning health issue. Odor molecules have the unique ability to circumvent the blood-brain barrier through the olfactory pathway, exerting a direct influence on cognitive-related brain regions including the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala, without transiting through the thalamus. These olfactory molecules, mostly sourced from natural plant essential oils, are characterized by significant volatility, minimal adverse reactions, and abundant availability. Hence, research into and applications of olfactory stimulation in improving cognitive dysfunction have raised widespread concerns. This article reviews the relationship between the olfactory pathway and cognitive brain regions, and explores the mechanism by which natural plant essential oils alleviate cognitive dysfunction through olfactory stimulation in order to provide a reference for improving cognitive function via olfactory stimulation.

Acute mountain sickness is a variety of pathological reactions that occur when people enter high altitude areas and are exposed to a hypobaric and hypoxic environment. China has vast high-altitude regions with complex terrains and of strategic importance. With the increase in large-scale combat training activities, more troops have entered high-altitude areas to carry out training. The hypobaric and hypoxic environment at high altitudes impacts the generation of combat effectiveness. The Wilderness Medical Society （WMS） has issued consensus guidelines for the prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness in 2010, 2014, 2019 and 2024,respectively. The commonly used drugs for the prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness include acetazolamide, dexamethasone, acetaminophen and nifedipine while non-pharmaceutical approaches include gradual ascendance, pre-acclimation, oxygen inhalation, descendance to a lower altitude, and portable hyperbaric oxygen chambers. This article was intended to trace the evolution of each means of prevention and treatment specified in the four editions of the guidelines, keep track of the latest approaches to acute mountain sickness, and provide a reference for military medical support for related training.

With wide applications of radiation therapy in the treatment of cancer and other diseases and amid the increasing concerns about global nuclear safety, the research and development of drugs against radiation damage has become a hot spot. Thanks to its high energy properties, ionizing radiation can not only directly damage cell DNA through targeted effects, but also indirectly affect the cell environment through non-targeted effects, leading to cell dysfunction and even death. In this paper, the mechanism of ionizing radiation damage was analyzed, and the mechanisms of action and clinical applications of four types of anti-radiation drugs, namely, antioxidant, apoptosis inhibitor, cytokine and natural radiation protection agent were discussed. These drugs have huge implications for alleviating the targeted and non-targeted effects caused by ionizing radiation.

Objective To evaluate both the causal relationship between plasma metabolites and the risk of knee osteoarthritis （KOA） and the potential mediating or masking effect of immune cells using Mendelian randomization （MR） systems. Methods The GWAS data on 1400 plasma metabolites, 731 immune cell traits and KOA was retrieved from the genome-wide association study （GWAS） database. Two-way MR analysis was used to evaluate the causal relationship between plasma metabolism and KOA. Two-step mediation MR analysis was conducted to evaluate immune cell traits that might have mediating or masking effects. Results After sensitivity analysis and screening, 65 plasma metabolites and 35 immune cell traits were found to have causal relationships with KOA （P<; 0.05）. Mediation analysis found that CD45RA+ CD28- CD8br %CD8br had a mediating effect in the causal relationship between three metabolites （2-hydroxyhippurate, X-07765, X-23739） and the risk of KOA. 2-hydroxyhippurate （salicylic acid） exerted a masking effect, and the effect ratio was 0.0412. Results A variety of plasma metabolites and immune cell traits are causally related to KOA, which should not be regarded as a simple degenerative joint disease. The protective effect of salicylic acid against KOA may be weakened by its role in inducing the differentiation of Treg cells, which is worthy of more studies.

Objective To discover 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist molecules with novel structures and explore their structure-activity relationship through structure- and mechanism-based drug design, synthesis and activity evaluation. Methods The way in which pimovanserin interacted with 5-HT_2A receptor was analyzed via molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculations.Based on the results of this study, the 5-HT_2A receptor antagonist target compounds with novel structures were designed using pimovanserin as the lead molecule. According to the structures of target compounds, corresponding synthetic routes were designed. The heterocyclic methylamine intermediates were obtained by reductive amination or reduction reaction from heterocyclic formaldehyde or heterocyclic methanonitrile before being reacted with 4-（4-fluorobenzylamino）-1-methylpiperidine to obtain the target compounds using CDI urea synthesis method. The inhibitory activity of the target compounds against 5-HT_2A receptor was tested at the cellular level, and the anti-hallucinogenic effects of the target compounds were tested in the mouse head twitch response model. Results Twelvenovel compounds were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by HR-MS, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR. The results of the activity assay showed that compounds 6a, 6c and 6d exhibited better 5-HT2Areceptor inhibitoryactivity with IC₅₀ values of 120, 152 and 285 nmol/L, respectively while compounds 6c and 6d exhibited better anti-hallucinogenic activity in mice with inhibition rates of 97.0% and 82.9% （10 mg/kg）, respectively. Results The novel compound 6c and 6d have shown strong 5-HT_2A receptor inhibitoryactivity and anti-hallucinogenic activity and deserve more research. Structure-activity relationship analyses of target compounds indicate that the repulsion of the heterocyclic ring with basic N atoms and the accommodation of the heterocyclic ring without basic N atoms by the side extended pocket of the 5-HT2A receptor could significantly affect the ex vivo and in vivo effects of antagonists.

The dengue virus, a member of the Flavivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family, is responsible for dengue fever, an acute mosquito-borne infectious disease that can progress to severe forms such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, taking a heavy toll on human health. Despite its impact on global public health, there are currently no specific drugs available that are both safe and effective for the treatment of dengue fever so that the research and development of related drugs are facing huge challenges. This paper not only pointed to the critical importance and urgency of developing antiviral medications, but also reviewed recent advancements in the development of dengue virus inhibitors of two categories： candidate drugs that directly target viral structural and non-structural proteins, and antiviral candidate agents that focus on host receptors. Additionally, this paper provided an overview of the progress in and the mechanisms of various inhibitors in the hope of providing a reference for antiviral drug development and the treatment of dengue fever.

Objective To optimize the solid-phase synthesis process of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide （PMO） and determine the optimal reaction conditions. Methods The PMO tetramer PMO-TTTT was synthesized according to the reported reaction conditions, followed by purification through a semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） process. PMO-TTTT was structurally verified using nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） and high-resolution mass spectrometry. With purified PMO-TTTT as a reference, a calibration curve was established, which subsequently guided the optimization of the reaction conditions for the solid-phase coupling reaction process, including the organic base, additives, duration of reaction and temperature. Under the optimized reaction condition, the anti-influenza A virus PMO sequence, PMO-flu, was synthesized and purified using a nucleic acid purification device. Results The optimal parameters for PMO solid-phase synthesis were determined. The organic base was N-ethylmorpholine, the additive was lithium iodide, the best temperature was 30 ℃, and the duration was 90 minutes. Conclusion The PMO solid-phase synthesis process has been established. LiI has been screened as a potent coupling reaction additive which could significantly boosts the efficiency of PMO solid-phase synthesis.

Objective To investigate the effects of syncytial formation induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2（SARS-CoV-2）spike protein（SARS-2-S）on the proliferation and migration of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and mouse melanoma B16 cells in vitro. Methods Plasmids expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 （hACE2） and SARS-2-S were constructed and respectively co-transfected with lentiviral packaging plasmids into HEK-293FT cells before the lentiviral supernatant was collected and infected with A549 cells which were screened by puromycin to obtain the A549 cells respectively that were stably transfected with hACE2（A549-A） and SARS-2-S （A549-S）. The protein expression of A549-A and A549-S cells was verified by Western blotting. A549-A and A549-S cells were co-cultured before their syncytia were observed by fluorescence microscopy. Conditioned media （syncytial supernatant and non-syncytial supernatant） was collected to culture A549 cells,ovalbumin （OVA）-gene-modified B16 cells （B16-OVA）,and B16-F10 cells in vitro.The CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay were used to assess the proliferation capacity of tumor cells,while the wound healing assay was employed to evaluate the migration capacity of tumor cells. Results Stable A549 cell lines expressing hACE2 and SARS-2-S were constructed. The SARS-2-S-induced syncytial formation system was established after co-culture of A549-A and A549-S cells. Both syncytial and non-syncytial supernatants significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of A549,B16-OVA,and B16-F10 cells in vitro,especially the syncytial supernatant. Conclusion SARS-2-S-induced syncytial formation promotes the proliferation and migration properties of A549 and B16 cells in vitro.

Pain is one of the five vital signs, and the leading complication of war trauma, so analgesia is critical to combat casualty care. The U.S. Tactical Combat Casualty Care guidelines have defined the battlefield graded analgesic strategies. This paper reviews the assessment of pain grade of war wounds, involving the preliminary evaluation according to categories and conditions of trauma, and the quantitative evaluation according to subjective feeling and objective index monitoring. The analgesic strategies are analyzed, involving such as analgesic drugs local anesthetics, non-steroidal analgesics, opioids, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, and such analgesic techniques as regional nerve block, nerve radiofrequency, nerve ablation and spinal cord electrical stimulation technology. This review is expected to provide a useful reference for improving pain management and war injury treatment in China’s army.

Sleep disorders are characterized by abnormal amounts of sleep and unusual behavior during sleep. Long-term sleep disorders can lead to the disruption of normal social functioning or neurological conditions. In recent years, the role of sound wave therapy in improving sleep quality has attracted much attention. This article aims to review the research progress related to the role of sound wave therapy in enhancing sleep quality, cognitive function, and alleviating fatigue in patients with sleep disorders in hopes of contributing to clinical applications.

Objective To investigate the effects of 0.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation on intestinal tissue injury and intestinal microflora in mice. Methods C57BL/6N mice were irradiated with 0.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray at 1 d, 3 d, 7 d and 14 d after irradiation. Jejunum tissues were fixed and frozen, and feces were frozen. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the pathological injury to jejunum after irradiation, ki67 immunohistochemical staining was adopted to detect the proliferation of jejunum crypt cells, and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling was employed to detect the apoptosis of jejunum crypt cells. The expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines in small intestines were detected via radioimmunoassay. The changes of intestinal flora in mice after irradiation were analyzed by metagenomic sequencing, and LEfSe analysis and ROC analysis were used to screen the bacteria with significant differences. Results After 0.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation, the proliferative cells of the jejunal crypt were significantly decreased at 1 d after irradiation（P<0.05）, while the apoptotic cells were significantly increased at 1 and 3 d after irradiation （P<0.01）. The expression of TNF-α at 7 and 14 d after irradiation, that of IL-1β at 1,3,7 and 14 d after irradiation and that of IL-6 at 3,7 and 14 d after irradiation were significantly increased （P<0.05）, while the expression of IL-10 at 7 and 14 d after irradiation was significantly decreased （P<0.05）. After 0.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray irradiation, intestinal flora composition changed significantly at phylum, genus and species levels, and Lactobacillus murinus, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Alistipes-unclassified, Mucispirillum schaedleri underwent the most significant changes and had higher LDA scores. Conclusion The whole body irradiation of 0.5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ-ray can cause intestinal tissue damage and change the composition of intestinal flora in mice.

A high-altitude environment is characterized by low oxygen levels, low pressure, and low temperatures. Exposure to the plateau environment often causes damage to the body, leading to the occurrence of acute mountain sickness/chronic mountain sickness（AMS/CMS）. Research indicates that acute or chronic exposure to the special environment can result in overall organ dysfunctions, such as those in the heart and gastrointestinal tract. The damage to the body caused by exposure to the plateau environment is closely related to acute and chronic hypoxia. Physiological maladjustment or disease is usually accompanied by changes in the structure of the gut microbiota. There have been reports on the correlations between the gut microbiota and bodily harm caused by high-altitude exposure. However, the specific types of bacteria involved and the mechanisms of action are still under investigation. This article reviews the intestinal tissue damage caused by low oxygen levels, immune activation, changes in microbial community structure, and differential metabolic products. The association and underlying mechanisms between bodily harm due to high-altitude exposure and the intestinal microbiota are also explored in hopes of stimulating new lines of thought related to the prevention and treatment of bodily harm caused by exposure to the plateau environment.

Objective To determine the infectiousness of the respiratory syncytial virus （RSV） 18537 strain of subtype B in different host cell lines and evaluate its pathogenicity and pathological damage in various animal models. Methods The cytopathic features, viral plaque morphology, viral protein expression, and in vitro proliferation efficiency were assessed to determine the basic biological characteristics of such infections. Nasal drops were used to infect 10-month-old BALB/c mice and 6-week-old cotton mice. The viral load in lung tissue after infection was detected, and the pathological injury was analyzed to assess the pathogenicity. Results The RSV 18537 strain of subtype B strain induced polynuclear fusion in Hep-2 cells, and typical viral plaques were formed in BHK-21 cells. In addition, viral proteins could be detected in Hep-2 and A549 cells. In BALB/c and cotton mice infected with nasal drops, viral nucleic acids were detectable in lung tissue on day 5 post-infection. This dose caused mild thickening of alveolar walls with scattered lymphocytes and neutrophil infiltration. Results The RSV 18537 strain of subtype B can be effectively proliferated in Hep-2 and A549 cells while infecting BALB/c mice and cotton mice, resulting in pathological injury to lung tissue. The 18537 strain of RSV subtype B is less contagious than the A2 strain of subtype A both in cells and animals.

Objective To investigate the genetic characteristics and recombination of human-infected sapoviruses （SaVs） worldwide using bioinformatics. Methods The complete genome sequences of SaVs were downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information （NCBI） while high-quality complete genomes were retained for analysis. Molecular phylogenetic trees of SaVs were constructed to analyze their genetic characteristics, followed by recombination analysis of human-infected SaV strains genetype Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅳ, andⅤ （GⅠ, GⅡ, GⅣ, and GⅤ） with recombination analysis software. Results SaVs exhibited substantial genetic diversity worldwide and infected a wide range of hosts. Human-associated SaVs included GⅠ, GⅡ, GⅣ, and GⅤ, with GⅤ shared between human and swine hosts. Genetype recombination analysis of SaVs revealed a high frequency of recombination in SaV GⅡ strains that involved diverse hosts in the field of SaV GⅤstrains. Recombination breakpoints of the virus were concentrated in the major viral proteins 1 （VP1） and minor viral proteins 2 （VP2）. Results Based on systematic analysis of the genetic characteristics of human-infected SaVs, the genotype distribution and prevalence of SaVs are investigated, the recombination patterns of SaV revealed, and its genetic dynamics highlighted. These findings can offer insights into epidemiological trends of viruses and help devise effective prevention and control strategies.

Objective To explore the effect of G-protein pathway suppressor 2（GPS2） on the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells and the underlying mechanism. Methods GPS2 expression was analyzed via The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） and Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium （CPTAC） online database. HepG2 cells with stable knockdown or overexpression of GPS2 were established with lentivirus. The protein and mRNA expression levels of GPS2 were detected by Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR（qPCR） while cell proliferation was verified by cell proliferation assay. Cell migration was tested by Transwell and scratch assay. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） biomarkers and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase （MMP） were detected by qPCR. Finally,the expressions of phosphorylation of protein kinase B （AKT） （p-AKT） and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK） （p-ERK） were detected by Western blotting. Results Based on the analysis of TCGA and CPTAC online database,GPS2 was highly expressed in human liver cancer tissues. Knockdown of GPS2 inhibited the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells,while overexpression of GPS2 promoted the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells. Silence of GPS2 up-regulated the mRNA level of E-cadherin（E-CAD）,down-regulated the mRNA levels of N-cadherin（N-CAD）,Vimentin（VIM）,MMP2 and MMP9,and reduced the p-AKT and p-ERK. In contrast,overexpression of GPS2 decreased the mRNA level of E-CAD,increased the mRNA levels of N-CAD,VIM,MMP2 and MMP9,and elevated the protein levels of p-AKT and p-ERK. Conclusion GPS2 can promote the proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells,which might be attributed to increased activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and the EMT process.

Objective To offer a detailed review of developments in research on noise-induced hearing loss by constructing a knowledge map in order to provide data for related studies in China. Methods The literature related to research on noise-induced hearing loss was retrieved from the Web of Science and used as the subject. Such software for visualization analysis as VOSviewer, CiteSpace and Bibliometrix was used to construct the knowledge map. The way in which research on noise-induced hearing loss evolved was explored in terms of trends of publication, co-occurrence networks and co-occurrence of key words. Results Research on noise-induced hearing loss was fast-developing. The United States ranked first in this field in terms of the total number of articles published and citations. China took the second place in the number of articles published. The top institutions in the number of articles published included the University of Michigan, University at Buffalo SUNY, Harvard, Karolinska Institute and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Conclusion Research in this sphere started with cochlear hair cells. Cochlear implant,hidden hearing loss and cochlear synaptopathy have come to be the hot spots for related research. Research on hair cell regeneration and sex difference has provided a new line of thought for the gene therapy and hormone therapy of noise-induced hearing loss.

Sleep disorders are characterized by difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep, excessive sleepiness, abnormalities of respiration during sleep, disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle and abnormal movements that disturb sleep. The incidence is increasing year by year, which causes a wide range of mental diseases and metabolic disorders, and impacts the health of soldiers. Sleep scales, regarded as one of the main methods for screening and diagnosing sleep disorders, are currently in the spotlight. This review describes the characteristics of different sleep scales in the hopes of providing data for proper selection of sleep scales in the assessments and diagnosis of different sleep disorders, and improving the sleep quality of soldiers.

Objective To determine the optimal conditions for CXCR4 upregulation by comparing the expression levels of chemokine （C-X-C motif） receptor 4 （CXCR4） in MSCs cultured with varying concentrations of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide （H₂O₂）. Methods MSCs were cultured with 0.1%, 1%, or 3% O₂ and 50 μmol/L H₂O₂ for different lengths of time （3, 6, 12, and 24 h）. The mRNA and protein expressions of CXCR4 in MSCs were measured by real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR）, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. The viability and chemotactic ability of MSCs were measured using CCK-8, wound-healing and Transwell migration assays. Results Both hypoxia and H₂O₂ treatment were found to upregulate MSC expressions of CXCR4 to some extent. The mRNA and protein levels of CXCR4 were higher after 6-12 h of culture of MSCs with 3% O₂, and significantly higher when treated with H₂O₂ for 6 h. Cell viability was significantly increased after culture with 3% O₂ compared with the control group and both 3% O₂ and H₂O₂ pretreatment could enhance chemotactic migration in MSCs. Conclusion Culture with 3% O₂ and H₂O₂ pretreatment can upregulate CXCR4 expressions in MSCs and enhance migration in cells, with superior effects observed with 3% O₂. Therefore, treatment with 3% O₂ represents the best choice for upregulating the chemotactic ability of MSCs.

Objective To establish a mouse model of liver aging induced by irradiation combined with hepatectomy. Methods A model was established via single irradiation combined with hepatectomy. The survival rate, body weight, liver index and liver function of the mice were detected. The expressions of senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors in serum were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） and flow cytometry. The mRNA levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors and telomerase in liver tissue were detected by real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR）. The expressions of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A （CDKN1A） and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A （CDKN2A） were determined by Western blotting. ELISA was used to calculate senescence-associated β-galactosidase （SA-β-Gal） and lipofuscin levels. Tissue malondialdehyde levels were measured using the thiobarbituric acid （TBA） method. The size of hepatocyte nuclei and lipid accumulation were detected by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） stainingand oil-red-O while triglyceride levels in the liver were studied with the weighing method. Results After irradiation combined with hepatectomy, the body weight of mice was significantly reduced, the liver index was not significantly affected, but the transaminase level was significantly increased. The levels of SA-β-Gal and lipofuscin increased while telomerase activity decreased significantly, and the nucleus size increased. The expressions of cyclin dependent protein kinase inhibitors CDKN1A and CDKN2A increased. The levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors were significantly increased. Hepatic lipid deposition and oxidative damage were aggravated. Results A mouse model of liver aging induced by irradiation combined with hepatectomy has been established.

The hypobaric and hypoxic environment on the plateau impacts human neurocognitive functions. This paper summarizes cognitive assessment techniques currently available in general and the impact of high-altitude environmental exposure on human cognitive function in the past 10 years in particular. The development of emerging technologies in recent years has enabled multimodal physiological-psychological-behavioral detection to evaluate neurocognitive function more quickly and objectively. In line with the needs of brain science, this paper studies the construction model of a multimodal intelligent cognitive system that integrates monitoring, assessment and early warning before a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation platform for brain cognition is proposed, which can be applied to maintain and enhance brain cognitive function in military operations in the future.

Military camps are characterized by compact space and high personnel density, which increases the risk of emerging respiratory infectious diseases and makes prevention and control difficult. One effective solution is to use a compartment model for early warning, prediction of epidemic outbreaks, and for optimization of precautions. Given the strong similarities in the transmission of emerging respiratory infectious diseases across military camps and communities, this article summarizes the cases where compartment models have been used both at home and abroad, constructs a susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed model and a susceptible-exposed-infectious-quarantined-removed model, and simulates the prediction of trends and selection of prevention and control measures in typical military camp scenarios after the outbreak of an epidemic in hopes of providing references for the prevention and control of emerging respiratory infectious diseases and for the construction of a regional intelligent early warning platform in military camps.

Military training represents one of the most essential activities for troops during peacetime, of which the prevention and treatment of training-induced injuries are a very important part. Recent findings of research suggest that cold atmospheric plasma （CAP） exhibits a distinctive and multifaceted superiority in terms of broad-spectrum sterilization, rapid blood coagulation and healing promotion for wounds. Consequently, CAP has good prospects of applications in diverse fields such as clinical medicine, emergency rescue and military medicine. Based on a review of the research progress in plasma medicine, the applicability of CAP in the prevention and treatment of military training injuries was discussed in this paper by focusing on the urgent issues related to military training injury, including the typical application scenarios and methods for CAP, the safety and effectiveness of plasma trauma prevention and treatment, and the key issues facing the prevention and treatment of military training injuries.

Objective To design a safe,stable,flexible,and scalable information system for mobile medical forces to enhance the efficiency of command and casualty treatment during diversified medical rescue missions. Methods A mobile medical force information system was developed with a layered architecture based on both Browser/Server（B/S） and Client/Server （C/S） frameworks. In this system,the front-end presentation layer was developed with Vue.js architecture,the back-end application layer by SpringCloud and Mybatis frameworks,the data management layer was devised using MySQL and Redis databases to provide standard data interfaces for other systems. This system covered several functional modules including command,casualty triage and evacuation,minor injury treatment,severe injury rescue,emergency surgery,medical service,and logistical support,which could be flexibly configured according to different types of missions. Results Information about casualty treatment was recorded in detail,accessed and traced easily.The efficiency of information statistics was improved. Conclusion The developed system enhances the efficiency of decision-making and casualty management for mobile medical forces during varied medical rescue missions.

Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of suramin （Sur） in acetaminophen （APAP）-induced acute liver injury in mice. Methods 8-10 weeks old C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the APAP group and APAP+Sur group （20 mg/kg suramin was injected 1 h before）. After 18 hrs of fasting, 400 mg/kg APAP was injected intraperitoneally to establish a mouse model of acute liver failure and the survival rate was recorded. An acute liver injury model of mice was established via intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg/kg APAP （other conditions remained unchanged）. A control group was also established, with liver tissues and serum collected at 0, 2, and 12 hours post-APAP treatment. ELISA and CBA techniques were adopted to detect the release of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） in serum and the secretion of inflammatory factors. H&E staining and immunohistochemistry were used to detect liver tissue necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. DCFA-DH and ELISA techniques were used to detect the levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS）, malondialdehyde （MDA） and glutathione （GSH） in liver tissues. Western blotting was employed to assess the activation of the JNK signaling pathway in liver tissues. Results Suramin treatment improved the survival rate of APAP-induced mice, reduced the release of transaminases and inflammatory factors in serum, and alleviated APAP-induced liver cell necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver. Suramin treatment delayed APAP-induced GSH depletion in the liver, reduced MDA and ROS levels, and inhibited JNK pathway activation. Conclusion This study has confirmed the protective effect of suramin against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice. The mechanism is potentially related to oxidative stress and inflammation.

Objective To study the influence of rosemary essential oil inhalation on the memory of mice experiencing sleep deprivation and to delineate the possible mechanisms involved. Methods C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups in this study： a control group （Con）, a control group with rosemary essential oil inhalation （Con+REO）, a sleep deprivation group （SD） and a sleep deprivation group with rosemary essential oil inhalation （SD+REO）. A 72-hour sleep deprivation model was induced using the multiple platform water environment method, with the Con+REO and SD+REO groups exposed to rosemary essential oil inhalation. Cognitive function was evaluated through Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. The hippocampal tissue was analyzed for superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and the concentrations of malondialdehyde （MDA） and glutathione （GSH）. ELISA was used to determine the levels of norepinephrine （NE）, dopamine （DA）, and serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine（5-HT） in the hippocampus. The expression levels of postsynaptic density 95 （PSD95） and brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） in the hippocampus were determined using immunoblotting techniques. Results Compared with the Con and Con+REO groups, the SD group demonstrated a significant reduction in the spontaneous alternation percentage in the Y-maze as well as the novel object recognition index. Additionally, there was a pronounced decrease in hippocampal SOD activity and GSH content, a substantial elevation in MDA levels, and a decrease in the levels of DA, NE, and 5-HT. The expressions of PSD95 and BDNF proteins also decreased. In comparison with the SD group, the SD+REO group exhibited a significant increase in the spontaneous alternation percentage in the Y-maze and the novel object recognition index. There was also a marked increase in hippocampal SOD activity and GSH content, a reduction in MDA levels and elevated levels of NE and DA. Moreover, the expressions of PSD95 and BDNF proteins were upregulated. Results The inhalation of rosemary essential oil enhances the memory of sleep-deprived mice, and the underlying mechanism may involve the mitigation of oxidative stress within the hippocampal tissue, the modulation of neurotransmitter levels, and the facilitation of synaptic plasticity.

Objective To study the differences in features of event-related potentials （ERPs） and target detection accuracy between five brain regions （frontal,temporal,central,parietal,and occipital） in target detection tasks based on rapid serial visual presentation （RSVP） brain computer interface （BCI） under six target concealment conditions. Methods Twelve participants were selected for the study,whose scalp electroencephalogram （EEG） signals were collected under the six concealment conditions using a NeuroScan SynAmps2 EEG acquisition system.The ERP waveforms,P300 amplitudes and latencies,among other things,were compared across the five brain regions.The hierarchical discriminant component analysis （HDCA） algorithm was used to classify the EEG signals while the differences in classification accuracy were probed across the five brain regions. Results （1） Under the six concealment conditions,target images elicited distinct ERP waveforms in all the five brain regions; （2） For P300 amplitudes,the temporal region exhibited the smallest values; （3） Regarding P300 latencies,the parietal and central regions showed longer durations than other brain regions （except for small camouflage and small occlusion conditions）; （4） In terms of classification accuracy,the parietal and central regions outperformed other brain regions （except for the large camouflage condition）. Results The selection of parietal and central channels can offer a new perspective for enhancing the performance in concealed target detection based on RSVP-BCI,and is expected to spark new ideas for the design of miniaturized,simple and wearable BCI devices.

Objective To analyze the incidence of and risk factors for white matter hyperintensity （WMH） in pilots. Methods A retrospective case-control study was performed. The subjects were 1,415 pilots ages 19 to 58 who had undergone cranial MRI examination in a hospital between September 2020 and August 2023. They were divided into two groups： the WMH group and the control group （without WMH）. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors for WMH. Results There were 219 cases in the WMH group and 1,196 cases in the control group. The total incidence of WMH was approximately 15.48%, with mild, moderate and severe cases of WMH accounting for 70.78%, 24.20%, and 0.47%, respectively. Regression analysis results showed that age （OR=1.625,95%CI：1.099-2.404） and flight time （OR=1.282, 95%CI： 1.033-1.592） were risk factors for WMH in pilots. Conclusion The incidence of WMH in pilots was approximately 15.48%. Most of WMH were mild according to Fazekas grading. Age increase and long flight time are risk factors for WMH in pilots.

Objective To design and develop an intelligent triage model for earthquake casualties that is intended for medical rescue teams based on reinforcement learning and the feasibility of this model is verified via computer simulation. Methods The process, difficulty, and requirements of the triage of the injured during an earthquake medical rescue were analyzed. The Markov decision process was used to formally describe the problem. Subsequently, a triage model was designed and developed based on reinforcement learning. Finally, the effectiveness of the model was verified through simulation experiments. Results Compared with conventional triage strategies, this intelligent triage model showed significant advantages in terms of mortality rates and waiting time.Under experimental conditions, casualties decreased by nearly 50%, and the waiting time for both nonoperative casualties（T-class） and operative casualties（S-class） casualties also decreased. Conclusion The intelligent triage model can autonomously learn triage strategies, reduce the casualty rate while lowering the waiting time for the injured, thereby effectively improving the efficiency of treatment of earthquake injuries.

This article reviewed the progress in military operational medicine in the U.S. Armed Forces in 2024 in terms of improved capabilities of health care in extreme natural environments,protection from noise damage,sleep interventions, intelligence monitoring of operational efficiency and more academic exchanges in this field. These measures are intended to improve the operational performance of soldiers in every possible way. This article is expected to provide useful references for related research.

Since emergence, the influenza virus has triggered numerous global pandemics and claimed more than ten million lives. This virus poses not only a severe threat to human life and health, but significant challenges to global economy and public health. The research on highly pathogenic influenza virus strains（such as H5 and H7）necessitates the use of biosafety level 3 laboratories, which significantly escalates the experimental risks and costs. The pseudovirus technology, as a relatively safe and effective research technique, has been applied in the studies of various high-risk viruses. Thanks to constant research and refinement, the pseudovirus technology for the influenza virus currently boasts such advantages as user-friendliness and good safety, and has been extensively used antibody neutralization and screening of antiviral drugs. This article reviews the research progress in the pseudovirus technology for the influenza virus.

In recent years, sudden public health events caused by group A streptococcus infections have been emerging, imposing a huge economic burden on society. The development of group A streptococcus vaccines has been an area of great interest to scientists. There is currently a wide range of vaccines in different stages of development. However, no mature and usable vaccines are available so far. This paper reviewed the current research on group A streptococcus vaccines in general and on M-protein recombinant protein vaccines, non-M-protein recombinant protein vaccines, and polysaccharide conjugate vaccines in particular.

Biometric recognition technology has developed rapidly and highly integrated with clinical diagnostics,phenotypic genomics,genomics,and big data analytics,facilitating not only precise personal identification but also demonstrating significant potential in health maintenance,particularly for military personnel. Global research has increasingly focused on uncovering the complex associations between biometric traits and key health determinants,such as disease susceptibility,psychological states,and physiological functions,to further harness biometrics in proactive health management. This paper provided a comprehensive overview of the latest progress and emerging applications of biometric technology in healthcare and military medicine,aiming to offer a scientific reference supporting the strategic development of biometrics research,its application promotion,and population-wide health management enhancement.