This article reviews the research progress in military operational medicine of the U.S. Armed Forces in 2023 in terms of improved capabilities of health care in extreme natural environments, intervention strategies to improve nutrition and water security, assessment and monitoring of sleep quality, beeter hearing protection and optimization of physical fitness training. These measures are intended to improve the all-round and multifaceted level of operational performance of soldiers. This article is expected to provide useful reference for related research.

Post-traumatic stress disorder （PTSD） is a complicated psychiatric disorder that results from exposure to a series of events, with anxiety or depression as the main manifestations, which is prevalent among veterans who used to be deployed. In recent years, the continuous military deployment has induced a persistent mental health crisis in U.S. service members as well as veterans. Such mental disorders as PTSD have kept the rate of suicide rising faster than the war has. The US military attaches great importance to research on PTSD in order to reduce its adverse effect on combat readiness while improving the ability of military personnel to cope with future conflicts. This article reviews the epidemiology and diagnostic criteria of PTSD in the US military. The medical countermeasures for and research progress of PTSD in the US Armed Forces are summarized from the perspective of pharmacologic prevention, cognitive behavioral therapies, other psychological interventions and potential innovative therapies. Some of the key training programs carried out by the US Armed Forces are listed and analyzed as well. This article is expected to provide useful reference for related research in China.

The important role of liquid-liquid phase separation in a series of biological processes, including regulation of gene transcription and translation, stress response, autophagy and the establishment of synaptic structure, has been widely accepted. Abnormal phase separation is associated with many human diseases, including neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have shown that some proteins associated with epigenetic modifications are also subject to liquid-liquid phase separation, suggesting that epigenetic modifications regulate the development and disease of the nervous system by regulating phase separation. This review summarized the important roles of epigenetic modification and phase separation in neurodevelopment and neurodiseases, and focused on the important roles of proteins related to epigenetic modification with phase separation characteristics. Understanding the correlation between epigenetic modification and phase separation will help fully understand the underlying mechanisms of neurodevelopment and neurodiseases, and will further provide new targets and strategies for the treatment of related diseases.

Human herpes simplex virus type 1 （HSV-1） infection of the upper respiratory tract is a common, mostly self-limiting disease. Reactivation of HSV-1 can sometimes cause lower respiratory tract infections. Coinfection of HSV-1 and other pathogens in the respiratory tract may cause severe diseases, resulting in HSV pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. This article reviews the symptoms and pathogenesis of HSV-1 infection or co-infections with other pathogens in the respiratory tract, as well as recent advances on drugs and vaccines for HSV-1.

Objective To find out about the physical environments of operations and the sleep rhythms of soldiers who work for a long period of time in order to improve efficiency and related technology. Methods A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the determinants of comfort and needs of soldiers for protection in different periods of operations. The physical environment condition of long-term working equipment was evaluated by using parameters of noise, temperature, humidity and illumination. The Munich Chronotype Questionnaire （MCTQ） and temperature monitoring were used to investigate the sleep rhythms of soldiers. Results The factors such as equipment noise, confined spaces, and shift work have the most significant impacts on the personnel comfort during military operations. The ambient noise intensity of the equipment in each cabin during long-term operations was 50.0-72.5 dB（A）, and the spectrum range was mainly low-frequency noise below 200 Hz. The ambient temperature was 22.2-36.0℃, relative humidity was 42.6-73.3% and illumination was 3.6-1092 lx. The mean value of social jetlag was （1.56±2.39） h. During the early stage of operations, the body temperature of soldiers showed obvious sleep rhythms, which decreased during the middle stage and tended to disappear during the late stage. Conclusion The sleep rhythm of these soldiers is disrupted during the middle stage and aggravates with the extension of the operations. Adverse physical environments such as high intensity noise may be an important influencing factor.

The accumulation of fatigue during military operations may lead to decreased operational efficiency and non-combat attrition, which can impact combat effectiveness.On-site monitoring and evaluation of fatigue during military operations,as an important means to keep track of military operations and bring about quick changes in training, underlie the combat effectiveness of military personnel. Focusing on the on-site monitoring and evaluation methods of fatigue during military operations, this paper reviews the determinants of such fatigue as well as on-site monitoring and comprehensive evaluation methods so as to provide reference for accurate and efficient evaluation of fatigue during military operations and for early warning of such fatigue.

Hypothermia is one of the complications of the body under cold environments and trauma, which poses a serious threat to human lives. This paper reviews the technical properties and the development of protective and rewarming equipment, which is of referential value for the design and selection of rewarming equipment for hypothermia of different degrees.

Objective To prepare glycyrrhetinic acid-lipid nanoparticles （GA-LNPs）and evaluate their potential as mRNA delivery vectors. Methods Firstly, organic phase solution based on glycyrrhetinic acid was prepared beforethe reporter gene mRNA was encapsulated by the microfluidic nano drug synthesizer to form GA-LNP/mRNA complexes. The particle size, Zeta potential, polydispersity （PDI）, and stability of the complexes were measured,whose morphology was photographed with the transmission electron microscope（TEM）. The in vitro and in vivo delivery of GA-LNP was verified by cell transfection and in vivo imaging of mice. By delivering G-CSF mRNA, the properties, decay time, and safety of delivery vectors were explored so that these vectors were comprehensively evaluated. Results The average particle size of GA-LNPs/eGFP mRNA complexes and GA-LNPs/G-CSF mRNA complexes was （96±2.1） nm and （85.2±2.1） nm, respectively, and the average potential was （11.6±1.6）mV and （6.4±2.9）mV, respectively. Their shapes were uniform and spherical. The GA-LNPs were capable of efficiently delivering reporter gene mRNA and G-CSF mRNA in cells and animals. The concentration of G-CSF protein expressed in vivo remained higher than the normal value for over four days, and no significant changes in mouse biochemical indexes or pathological sections were observed. The inflammatory effect was weaker than that of LNP complexes. Conclusion Using glycyrrhetinic acid, a novel type of lipid nanoparticle has been prepared, which can efficiently deliver mRNA. GA-LNP/mRNA complexes are highly stable and safe, which can provide a new perspective on the preparation of cholesterol-free mRNA delivery vectors.

Objective To establish a mouse model with an inducible deletion of PIKfyve genes throughout the body and hematopoietic system and explore the impact of PIKfyve on immune homeostasis. Methods LoxP sites were inserted at both ends of exon 6 of the PIKfyve gene to establish PIKfyve^+/flox mice. PIKfyve^+/flox mice were cross-bred to produce PIKfyve^flox/flox mice. PIKfyve^flox/flox mice were cross-bred with UBC-Cre/ER^T2 mice to obtain PIKfyve^+/flox, UBC-Cre/ER^T2 mice and PIKfyve^flox/flox, UBC-Cre/ER^T2 mice, the target mice. Genotyping was performed using tail gene PCR, and deletion efficiency was identified post-induction via real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR） and Western blotting. The proportion and number of mature immune cells in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleens were observed and compared between the knockout mice and control mice. A similar breeding strategy was adopted to introduce PIKfyve^flox/flox,MX1-Cre mice to confirm the aforementioned results in a distinct mouse model. Results Successful generation of PIKfyve^flox/flox, UBC-Cre/ER^T2 mice was confirmed based on mouse breeding and tail gene PCR. After induction, a significant decrease in PIKfyve mRNA and protein contents in the knockout mice indicated the establishment of a proper model. Peripheral blood analysis revealed a significant reduction in white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes in the PIKfyve-deficient mice. Flow cytometry demonstrated an overall decrease in the proportions of B cells and NK cells, with a significant increase in T cells and neutrophils, while the overall number trended down. Results from PIKfyve^flox/flox,MX1-Cre mice were consistent with those of PIKfyve^flox/flox, UBC-Cre/ER^T2 mice. Conclusion A workable PIKfyve knockout mouse model has been established, suggesting that PIKfyve can regulate the number and proportions of mature immune cells while making a difference to immune homeostasis.

Hypoxic preconditioning has received more attention as a unique endogenous protective phenomenon in organisms. The research on the mechanism of protective effects of hypoxic preconditioning involves such classic biological pathways as enzymes, reactive oxygen species, receptors, neurotransmitters, anti apoptotic substances, and ion channels that have been confirmed. The roles of hypoxic preconditioning in the protection of important organ diseases that range from ischemia to hypoxia have been increasingly discovered and verified, especially the potential protective value of hypoxic preconditioning strategies in special military environments such as high altitude, high mountains, aviation, aerospace, and diving in recent years. This article explores the applicability of hypoxic preconditioning in the military in terms of concepts and mechanisms, applications and prospects of development. The actual problems facing the popularization of technology and applications are identified in order to promote the use of hypoxic preconditioning as a magic weapon for the maintenance and improvement of our military's operational efficiency.

Abrin, the most lethal plant-derived toxin known today, has attracted widespread attention from both the International Chemical Weapon Convention and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. There is an urgent demand for the development of efficient detection and detoxification countermeasures against Abrin to adress its potential threats to human health and public safety. This review, based on clustering analysis of literature and on knowledge of the structures of various subtypes of Abrin, provides an overview of the analysis and detection techniques, the mechanism of toxicity, and detoxification countermeasures against Abrin. It concludes with an examination of the challenges and emerging trends in this field. The main analysis and detection techniques of Abrin include affinity-based analysis, physico-chemical-based analysis, and activity-based detection techniques. The challenges and developments in this field are also outlined. There is a pressing need to establish sensitive, specific, and accurate methods of measurement that are tailored to the structure and activity of Abrin in order to precisely assess and mitigate the toxin threat. Unfortunately, no effective antidotes have been deployed so far, with medical treatments confined to symptomatic care. Research and development of neutralizing antibodies remain stands as the most promising strategy for counteracting Abrin intoxication.

Chronic fatigue syndrome （CFS） is a chronic, multi-system disease manifested as prolonged fatigue and often accompanied by somatization symptoms that include muscle pain and sleep disorders, which is why CFS impacts patients’ life and health. However, the etiology of CFS remains unknown. There is no specific treatment as well. Treatments currently available mostly use specific medicines to treat specific symptoms or assist clinicians by such means as cognitive-behavioral therapies or nutritional support. While on long-distance voyages, the Navy soldiers spend a long time in relatively closed environments under high pressure, which is likely to result in physical and mental fatigue and even CFS. This paper reviews the causes, current level of diagnosis, as well as the treatment and prevention of CFS in order to contribute to the health and operational capability of Navy soldiers.

Objective To investigate the host distribution of influenza A virus and quantitatively analyze its expansion across multiple host species. Methods The whole genome data of influenza A virus was downloaded from the public database. The characteristics of coding sequences were extracted and analyzed. The host distribution and evolution of influenza viruses were examined using natural clustering results. A method for quantifying the expansion dynamics among multiple hosts, known as host profile entropy calculation, was established. Machine learning techniques were employed to validate the results of analysis. Results H3N2 influenza viruses exhibited clear boundaries in host distributions, with the lowest host profile entropy. Conversely, H9N2 influenza viruses demonstrated mixed host distributions, with high sequence similarity between strains from different hosts and the highest host profile entropy. The host profile entropy of different subtypes of influenza A viruses were closely related to their multi-host expansion trends. Conclusion Under the influence of expansion environments and selection pressures, different influenza viruses exhibit distinct trends of evolution and expansion dynamics among multiple hosts. H3N2 influenza viruses, which are more adapted to human hosts, demonstrate a more orderly expansion dynamic among multiple hosts. On the other hand, avian influenza viruses such as H7N9 and H9N2, which frequently undergo cross-species expansion, display more chaotic expansion dynamics among multiple hosts and greater evolutionary diversity. Host profile entropy is an efficient computational method for assessing the orderly expansion dynamics and evolutionary trends of influenza viruses among multiple hosts. This method can help advance our understanding of the evolution and multi-host dynamics of influenza viruses and assess expansion risks, thus providing new perspectives for surveillance and early warning systems of influenza viruses.

Objective To establish a detection technology system that combines multiplex PCR and nanopore sequencing to meet the needs of on-site rapid detection and identification of respiratory viruses. Methods Specific primers were designed to amplify respiratory viruses before PCR amplification conditions were optimized and a rapid sequencing system was established, followed by analysis of the data and evaluation of pathogen detection sensitivity. Results The optimized multiplex PCR amplification conditions included an annealing temperature of 55℃ and primer concentration of 0.1 μmol/L. Using this system, 25 respiratory viruses could be detected simultaneously. The detection sensitivity reached 1×10⁴ copies/ml, and detection generally took less than 4 h. Conclusion This detection method is simple and fast, and capable of obtaining sequence information of amplified fragments in real time with a specificity and sensitivity. It is likely to provide strong technical support for the rapid screening, on-site detection, and identification of respiratory pathogens.

Objective To investigate the role of Kelch-like- epichlorohydrin-associated protein1/nuclear factor erythroid-derived factor-2-related factor 2 （Keap1-Nrf2） and nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB） signaling pathways in sepsis-associated encephalopathy（SAE）. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice of SPF were randomly divided into four groups （n=10）： the control group and LPS 6 h, 24 h and 48 h groups. The behavioral changes of the mice were assessed based on their general conditions and open field test（OFT）. ELISA was used to measure the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse serum, and the antioxidant capacity assay kit to examine antioxidant activity in brain tissues of mice. Real-time quantitative PCR（qPCR） was adopted to detect the mRNA levels of toll-like receptor4 （Tlr4）, NF-κB, Keap1 and Nrf2 in the hippocampus, and to determine protein expressions of NF-κB、Nrf2、Keap1 and Tlr4 with Western blotting. Results Compared to the control group, the serum concentrations of interleukin 6 （IL-6） in lipopolysaccharide（LPS） groups increased at 6 h, and reached the peak at 24 h and 48 h （P<0.01）. The levels of serum interleukin 18 （IL-18） in the LPS groups increased significantly at 6 h and 24 h （P<0.01） but there was no statistically significant difference compared with the 48h group. The results indicated the activity of superoxide dismutase（SOD） and glutathione（GSH） in brain tissues in LPS groups increased（P<0.01）. OFT results showed the time spent in the center of the open field, the distance covered around the center, and total distance covered by mice in LPS groups were significantly reduced （P<0.01）,except for the time spent in the center of the open field in the LPS 24 h group. The mRNA expressions of Tlr4 and （LPS 6 h, 48 h） NF-κB in the hippocampus tissue of mice in LPS groups were elevated （P<0.05）, so were the mRNA expressions of Keap1 and Nrf2 in LPS 6 h group. Additionally, the protein expressions of NF-κB, Keap1 and Tlr4 increased in LPS groups, so did the protein expression of Nrf2 in LPS 24 h and 48 h groups（P<0.05）. Conclusion Keap1-Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways may play a certain role in SAE.;

Objective To investigate the mechanism underlying gasdermin E （GSDME）-mediated pyroptosis in radiation-induced intestinal injury and to find out whether gasdermin （GSDM） family members regulate pyroptosis through similar signaling pathways. Methods Human normal colon epithelial cells（NCM460） and human colon cancer cells（HT-29） were exposed to radiation of different doses and durations before pyroptosis indicators were evaluated by observing pyroptotic bubbles,cell survival,and the cleavage of pyroptosis execution proteins. HT-29 cells overexpressing GSDME were subjected to radiation,followed by enrichment analysis of pyroptosis-related differentially expressed genes using RNA-seq. Results Radiation induced substantial pyroptosis in NCM460 cells. Overexpression of GSDME in HT-29 cells resulted in substantial radiation-induced pyroptosis.The pyroptosis state of human intestinal cells was simulated in the HT-29 model cell line. Overexpressions of GSDME-N and GSDMD-N resulted in the expression of more than 50% of the differentially expressed genes in the pyroptosis state. Sequencing analysis showed that the genes in the pyroptosis state were mainly overrepresented in immune response,inflammatory response,and Rap1 signaling pathway. Conclusion GSDME activation can mediate radiation-induced pyroptosis by producing GSDME-N fragments. GSDM family members participate in pyroptosis in a similar mode of regulation. Furthermore,radiation-induced activation of GSDME/D may regulate pyroptosis through immune response,inflammatory response,and Rap1 signaling pathway.

Objective To design a search and rescue UAV that is portable and user-friendly in order to meet the needs of rescue personnel on the battlefield. Methods Three-dimensional design software CATIA was used to complete the structural design of the UAV body. In order to make full use of the internal space of the UAV body, folding wings were adopted to reduce the volume of the UAV.By using ABAQUS, the finite elements of the key parts of the UAV were analyzed before the modal analysis of the whole vehicle was conducted to verify the reliability of the structure. The robot simulation software Webots was used for motion simulation of the UAV. Results Simulation analysis and test verification suggested that the structural design of the UAV was well-grounded. It could be quickly and properly deployed by means of hand launch or barrels, which made it easier for rescuers to use the UAV. Conclusion The design and simulation research of UAVs with portable folding wings for search and rescue is of great significance for the research and development of physical prototypes. This study is expected to stimulate new ideas for the development of rescue equipment in the PLA, and contribute to miniaturization of UAVs.

The active denial system （ADS） is a millimeter wave electromagnetic directional energy non-lethal technology and the only microwave device against humans. Microwave radiation can cause damage to multiple systems in the human body, including the nervous, circulatory, immune, and reproductive systems. This article outlines the development, basic structure, and equipment of ADS, characteristics and mechanisms of medical injuries due to ADS, medical injury efficacy of ADS in terms of effects on the human body, determinants and skin depth. The precautions against and medical treatment of ADS-caused symptoms are briefly described.

目的 为保障颅脑手术野战物资的战前长期储备、安全转运、高效利用,设计新型颅脑战创伤救治手术器械装载盒,并对比分析其应用效果。方法 该装载盒采用304医用不锈钢为主材料,根据国家相关标准,设计器械盒外部尺寸为44 cm×26 cm×14.5 cm,内部展开后含四层带卡槽的可收缩置物台。结果 该新型颅脑战创伤救治手术器械装载盒可快速展开、无需铺单即可形成无菌台面,使用后器械护士铺台整理器械时间、术后收整处置器械台面时间、清点器械时间均明显缩短,空间明显节约0.97 m⊃3;。结论 该器械盒的应用便于战前储备、携行便捷、使用高效、展收一体化、洗消简便,保障了黄金救治时间及救治通道。

Objective To establish an inhalation infection pneumonia model of C57BL/6J mice with highly virulent and multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa （PA） strain F291007, and to study the microbiological, pathological and immunological characteristics of this model. Methods The strain F291007 was isolated and identified before the bacterial suspension was administered to the mice via aerosolized intratracheal inoculation to establish the pneumonia infection model. In the course of infection, the conditions and survival of the mice were observed, and the bacterial loads, the histopathological states and the cytokine expression levels in the major organs were detected. Finally, three key cytokines were blocked to observe the survival of mice. Results The strain F291007 was isolated and identified. After lethal dose infection, all the mice died within 24 h. After sub-lethal dose infection, a large number of immune cells in the body were capable of phagocytosis and killing of invading pathogens, which was manifested as rapid clearance of bacteria in lungs and the exponential decrease of bacterial load with the passage of time. The pathological changes in lungs were most severe at 1 to 3 days but gradually recovered. After infection, interleukin-6 （IL-6）, IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） in alveolar lavage fluid and serum were significantly increased at 1 to 3 days. After blocking of these three cytokines with specific antibodies, the survival rates of infected mice decreased significantly. Conclusion A mouse model of gradually-recovered pneumonia infection caused by PA inhalation has been established, suggesting that the first one to three days are critical to immune response after infection through multiple indicators. This mouse model can be used for research on the pathogenesis, immunoregulation and treatment evaluation of highly virulent and multi-drug resistant PA inhalation pneumonia infection.

Objective To assess causal associations between specific gut microbiota and different types of cancer by using the two-sample Mendelian randomization （MR） analysis method. Methods On the basis of summary statistics of gut microbiota from a genome-wide association study （GWAS） conducted in German population （n=8956）, single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） that were significantly associated with 430 gut microbiota features were extracted as instrumental variables （IVs）. Summary statistics from the GWAS of 17 types of cancer were used as outcomes. Two-sample MR analysis was used to explore the causal relationship between gut microbiota and pan-cancer, where the analysis results were dominated by inverse variance weighting. Meanwhile, sensitivity analyse of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy test were done to keep the stability of results. Results The genetic susceptibility of 17 gut microbiota features was causally associated with the occurrence and development of 11 different types of cancer,respectively. Conclusion By exploring the causal relationship between different gut microbiota features and pan-cancer,this study has found a potential causal relationship between specific gut microbiota features and cancer, and these gut microbiota may become new biomarkers to provide new ideas for cancer prevention, early screening, and treatment.

Objective To explore the characteristics and mechanism of phase separation between TAR DNA binding protein-43（TDP-43） and ubiquitin. Methods The TARDBP gene and its truncated genes were inserted into vectors to construct recombinant plasmids for expression and protein purification. The phase separation system of ubiquitin and TDP-43 was constructed in vitro. The characteristics of the droplets formed via liquid-liquid phase separation were observed by fluorescence microscopy. The plasmids of ubiquitin and TDP-43 were co-transfected into HEK293T cells to observe aggregates containing TDP-43 and ubiquitin and find out whether TDP-43 could be ubiquitinated. Results The GFP-8Ub,TDP-43 full-length （FL） and truncated proteins were purified. TDP-43 FL and C-terminal domain（CTD） proteins were able to form droplets via phase separation with ubiquitin. The droplets changed into solid-like aggregates after prolonged incubation. Insolvable aggregates containing TDP-43 and ubiquitin were formed. TDP-43 was ubiquitinated under stress conditions in HEK293T cells after being co-transfected with ubiquitin and TDP-43 recombinant plasmids. Conclusion TDP-43 undergoes co-phase separation with ubiquitin,mainly driven by the multivalent interaction between TDP-43′s CTD structural domain and ubiquitin. The droplets finally form aggregates with solid-like properties. Under stress conditions,especially when the protein homeostasis is disrupted,TDP-43 and ubiquitin form aggregates while TDP-43 is ubiquitinated. This study reveals the basic mechanism of TDP-43 co-phase separation with ubiquitin and liquid-solid transformation.

Radiation-induced brain injury is a severe brain injury caused by ionizing radiation to normal brain tissue. It is manifested as cognitive dysfunction, decreased learning and memory ability and can even lead to dementia. The treatment of existing drugs for radiation-induced brain injury are far from effective with poor prognosis. Ionizing radiation induces pathological activation of astrocytes, which aggravates the process of radiation-induced brain injury by inducing neuroinflammation and destroying the blood-brain barrier. Here we review the physiological and pathological functions of astrocytes, then analyze the pathological changes and cellular mechanisms of astrocytes involved in radiation-induced brain injury. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of astrocytes in radiation-induced brain injury is discussed, which is expected to provide reference for finding more approaches to radiation-induced brain injury and exploring new therapeutic targets and methods.

Objective To investigate the nutritional status of soldiers and changes during military training in the desert of northern China in order to provide evidence for proper diets, improve the overall nutritional level of soldiers and keep them healthy. Methods A total of 36 young and middle-aged technical soldiers who were trained in the desert in northern China were selected as the subjects. A diet survey and medical physical examination were conducted for six consecutive days before and after the training. The dietary nutrition and physical condition of these soldiers were investigated using the GJB1636A—2016 weighing method and physical examination method. Dietary quality was evaluated according to GJB826B—2010 and GJB823B—2016. The standard attached to the grip apparatus was used to evaluate grip strength. Fasting whole blood of the subjects was collected for detection of blood indexes. Results During military training in the desert of northern China, the intakes of grains, poultry meat, fish and shrimp, milk, sucrose, vegetable oil and edible fungi were inadequate while the intakes of livestock meat, poultry eggs and fruits were excessive. There were no intakes of soybeans or dried vegetables at all. After military training, physical examinations showed no significant changes in their body weight, body mass index （BMI）, body fat percentage, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio or left/right hand grip strength. Blood indexes showed that triglyceride, total protein, chlorine, blood glucose, hemoglobin, erythrocytes and PCV increased significantly after training, while the other indexes did not. The level of 25-vitamin D3 in serum also increased significantly after training. Conclusion The main problem with nutritional status of soldiers in the desert of northern China is unbalanced intake of nutrients, which is caused by irrational dietary structure and undesirable eating habits. It is recommended that nutrition and health intervention be carried out to improve the nutritional level of these troops.

Objective To differentiate between highly genetically similar bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. using deep learning techniques in order to contribute to clinical diagnosis and epidemic prevention. Methods A convolutional neural network（CNN） was proposed based on transfer learning with a large-scale pre-trained protein language model, which could enable rapid and accurate identification of bacterial strains at the genus level. To validate the reliability of this model, whole-genome data on related bacteria was retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information（NCBI） in the United States before the full-genome protein sequences of highly genetically similar strains of Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. were selected as experimental samples. Results With this method,genus-level classification accuracies of 97.13% and 95.56% were made available respectively during classification experiments on 2960 strains with high assembly quality and 4945 strains with low assembly quality, which outperformed the other methods currently available. Conclusion This study demonstrates the reliability and potential of deep learning-based methods for differentiation of bacterial types. By integrating self-supervised pre-training techniques with transfer learning, this approach can capture high-dimensional feature differences that are not easily discernible or statistically analyzable by humans. Furthermore, this method exhibits broad applicability, as it requires lower assembly completeness of the bacterial genome sequences used.

Preventing bioweapons is an important component of biosecurity, and the Biosecurity Law of the People's Republic of China has a chapter devoted to "Preventing Biological Terrorism and the Threat of Bioweapons". A good knowledge of the history plays a positive role in effective protection against bioweapons. This article analyzes history of bioweapons based on books and literature that have been published in order to provide reference for professionals in the sphere of biosecurity.

Objective To study the influence of night vision goggles （NVG） on depth perception and the role of depth perception training in improving depth perception. Methods The naked and NVG depth perception of 113 healthy male volunteers was tested using facilities for depth perception measurement and NVGs in a dark room. The measurements were repeated three times. Differential analysis was conducted of naked and NVG depth perception.Variance analysis was used to determine the influence of the number of times of measurement on the results of depth perception. Results The results of 3-time measurements of naked depth perception were （62.55±64.70）mm, （39.83±42.55）mm and （39.50±42.89）mm respectively, compared with （98.29±83.74）mm, （63.22±60.29）mm and （65.50±69.69）mm for NVG depth perception. The results of 3-time measurements of NVG depth perception were significantly worse（P<0.05）. The results of the second and third measurements were significantly improved compared with the first one（P<0.05）, involving both the naked and NVG depth perception. Conclusion Depth perception with NVGs is significantly worse than naked perception, but it can be enhanced after experience is gained. Pilots need to experience depth perception with NVGs and their depth perception should be evaluated before night flight missions.

Objective To explore the antidepressant effect and mechanism of an aqueous extract of Morinda officinalis How. Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly assigned to the control group, model group, the fluoxetine hydrochloride group and low, medium, and high dose groups of aqueous extract of Morinda officinalis How. A chronic unpredictable stress method was used to create a model which was administered for 28 days. Behavioral analysis was conducted to evaluate the antidepressant effect of the aqueous extract of Morinda officinalis How. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphology of hippocampal neurons in rats while immunohistochemistry staining was adopted to detect the expression levels of inflammasome NLRP3 and microglial marker protein Iba-1. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of BDNF, PI3K, Akt, and GSK3β. Results After medication, the behavior and physiology of depressed rats were significantly improved. The Sugar-water preference ratio was significantly increased（P<0.01） and the forced swimming immobility time was significantly shortened （P<0.05）. The morphology of neurons in the CA3 area of the rat hippocampus was improved. The protein expressions of NLRP3 and Iba-1 were reduced. The expression levels of BDNF, PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt proteins were up-regulated while the those of GSK3β and p-GSK3β proteins were down-regulated. Conclusion The aqueous extract of Morinda officinalis How can improve the depression-like behavior induced by chronic stimulation in rats, and its antidepressant mechanism may be related to improving neuronal morphology, inhibiting hippocampal inflammatory response and regulating BDNF/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway.

Objective To investigate the impact of uroporphyrinogen Ⅲ synthase （UROS） on bone loss induced by weightlessness. Methods Eight male C57BL/6J mice aged 9 weeks were randomly assigned to a control group and a tail suspension group,with four mice in each. Following a 28-day period of tail suspension,the hind limbs of the mice underwent micro-CT and mechanical testing,respectively. A microgravity osteoclast model was established using the cell cyclotron device （RCCS）. Changes in osteoclast differentiation activity induced by microgravity were assessed via real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR） and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase （TRAP） staining. Additionally,alterations in UROS expression levels were detected using qPCR and Western blotting analysis. The protein expression of UROS was also determined via Western blotting. A UROS knockout RAW264.7 stable strain was generated. qPCR and TRAP staining were employed to confirm the downregulation of osteoclast differentiation activity upon UROS deficiency. Results After hindlimb unloading in mice,a marked decrease in bone mass was observed in the bone tissue,which was accompanied by a pronounced upregulation of UROS protein expression. Upon exposure to microgravity,osteoclasts exhibited an upregulation of UROS protein expression,along with increased levels of osteoclast differentiation markers including matrix metalloproteinase 9 （MMP-9） and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase （TRAP）. Knockdown of UROS significantly downregulated the expression levels of osteoclast differentiation-related markers,indicating its crucial role in osteoclast differentiation and bone metabolism. Conclusion Under weightlessness stress,the expression level of UROS in osteoclasts is upregulated,leading to enhanced osteoclast activity and an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation,with bone resorption exceeding bone formation,which ultimately results in bone loss.

Objective To studythe key impact indicators for unsafe behavior among biotechnologists engaged in research and development of biotechnology in order to provide data for the prevention and management of unsafe behavior among professionals of biotechnology. Methods By searching domestic and foreign databases, the known cases of accidentscaused by unsafe behavior of biotechnologists around the world were analyzed before the evaluation index systemfor unsafe behavior of biotechnologists was constructed. The Delphi method was adoptedfor expert consultation related to the index system. Game theory was used to combine the analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method to determine the comprehensive weight of indicators. Finally, the key indicators for the unsafe behavior of biotechnologists were obtained. Results The evaluation index system for unsafe behavior of biotechnologists was constructed. There were 5 first-level indicators, 13 second-level ones and 38 third-level ones. The results showed that the operation procedures （14.20%）, quality of protective equipment （8.71%）, knowledge and skills （7.89%）, person-post matching （6.68%）, and training effect （6.62%） were the key factors affecting the unsafe behavior of biotechnologists. Conclusion The use of combination weight can minimize the weaknesses of the single method and make the result of weighting as close to the actual result as possible.

Objective To establish a method to identify novel adductive groups and their substrates upon exposure to OP. Methods Tandem mass spectrometry analysis and open search tools were employed to reveal the adducts of OP in human serum albumin （HSA）. Results Based on tandem mass spectrometry analysis, a new method was developed to study the structure and sites of novel adducts formed due to the exposure to OP, which could identify cysteine （C） as the new addition site of OP and their hydrolysis products using the open search strategy. A mass shift of 127.1370 that corresponded to a diagnostic ion in the MS-MS of m/z=128.1439 was observed. Conclusion This study has established a general strategy for identifying the structures and addition sites of novel OP-HSA adducts, which may be used to advance our understanding of the molecular processes behind acute and long-term harmful effects of OP.

Objective To analyze the risk factors of stroke in medium-altitude areas of China in recent years and provide reference for more targeted prevention and control of stroke. Methods Based on the data from screening and intervention projects for high-risk groups of stroke between 2017 and 2020, Lanzhou and Xining were selected as the two medium-altitude cities to analyze the incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Single factor analysis was used to analyze the risk factors in the two cities.All related factors （such as gender, age, education levels, disease history and lifestyles）were included in multiple logistic regression analysis. Results In recent years, the incidence of stroke in medium-altitude areas was relatively low. The results of single and multiple factor analysis showed that the risk factors included hypertension, diabetes, blood lipids, atrial fibrillation, TIA, smoking and lack of exercise （P<0.001）. However, altitude was a protective factor for stroke （P=0.01）. Conclusion The incidence of stroke in medium-altitude areas is comparatively low. In addition to traditional risk factors, lifestyles such as exercise may have an impact on the incidence of stroke in western plateau areas.

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of anlotinib combined with anti-PD1 antibody on a colon cancer mouse model, and to explore its possible mechanismfor remodeling the immune system and tumor microenvironment. Methods A BALB/c mouse model was established with colon cancer cells CT26, and the mice were divided randomly into four groups： the control group, the anlotinib group, anti-PD1 antibody group and anlotinib combined with anti-PD1 antibody group, with 6 mice in each. During the experiment, tumor volumes were measured every 2 days using a vernier caliper. After the experiment （on day 14）, the weight of the tumors of mice in each group was measured. Flow cytometry was used to detect changes in the number of immune infiltrating cells in tumor tissues, including CD4⁺T cells, CD8⁺T cells, monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells （M-MDSCs）, granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells （G-MDSCs）, and M2-type tumor-associated macrophages （M2-TAM）. Furthermore, ELISA was employed to detect the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）, interferon-γ （IFN-γ）, interleukin-17 （IL-17）, and IL-10 in the serum of mice. Results Compared with the control group, the other three groups showed a decrease in the volume and weight of transplanted tumors in mice （P<0.05）, as well as decreased levels of cytokines VEGF, IL-10 （P<0.05）, and IL-17 （P<0.01）. Additionally, there was an increase in the level of IFN-γ （P<0.05）. In terms of the number of immune infiltrating cells, the number of M-MDSCs decreased in each treatment group compared to the control group, but without statistically significant difference （P>0.05）. In the combined group, the number of M2-type TAMs decreased compared to the control group and the anti-PD-1 antibody group （P<0.05）. Furthermore, flow cytometry results indicated that compared to the control group, the other three groups showed an increase in the number of CD8⁺T cells in mice （P<0.05）. The number of CD4⁺T cells decreased slightly compared to the other groups, but the statistically significant difference was only observed when compared to the anlotinib group （P<0.05）. Conclusion The combination of anlotinib and anti-PD1 antibody may regulate the levels of cytokines VEGF, IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-17, thereby influencing the number of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment and immunity can also be improved, thus significantly inhibiting the growth of mouse colonic transplant tumors.

Objective To construct a mouse model with conditional knockout of deubiquitinase Otulin gene in the endocardium and to analyze the phenotype of the model. Methods A model of mice with endocardium-specific conditional Otulin gene knockout was constructed with the Cre-loxP technique. The genotypes of Otulin gene knockout mice were determined by using polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Data on the reproduction of the knockout mice was statistically analyzed and the growth and development of the offspring were observed. The Cardiac function of mice was monitored by ultrasound and the changes of cellular components in blood were measured by a fully automatic hematology analyzer. Hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to analyze the pathological changes in all the tissues and organs of the offspring. Results An endocardium-specific Otulin gene knockout mouse model was established. The conditional knockout mice could grow and reproduce normally and the percentage of genotypes of their offspring conformed to Mende′s law. Compared with littermate control mice,the conditional knockout mice had smaller body size,lighter weight,significantly enlarged spleens and spiking inflammatory cells in blood. In addition,the tricuspid valve defect and cardiac function were attenuated. Conclusion A mouse model of endocardium-specific Otulin gene knockout has been constructed. These mice show impaired cardiac function and obvious inflammatory response.

Non-structural protein（NSP） appears in host cells earlier than viral RNA during SARS-CoV-2 infections. NSP forms replication and transcription complexes before SARS-CoV-2 finishes normal viral replication in host cells based on these complexes. This article reviews the structure, biological function and advances in drug research of NSP16, which appears in the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection and play a significant role in viral RNA formation. This article is expected to provide new ideas for prevention and treatment of diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Fatigue-related traffic accidents and fatalities have been extensively studied by scholars globally. Specialized vehicles, due to their unique mission profiles, are more likely to cause driving-related fatigue and serious consequences. This paper reviews the current research of fatigue driving by using an inductive analysis method to summarize the mechanisms, risk factors, and monitoring methods. This paper also offers a vision of priorities and methodologies for research in the future. It is recommended that the mechanisms of driving fatigue be explored at the molecular biological level and that fatigue monitoring systems be made more feasible via the combined application of non-intrusive monitoring in order to reduce the toll on life and property taken by driving fatigue.

Objective To evaluate the characteristics of dose distribution of neuronal networks in vitro on microelectrode arrays（MEAs） under 2.6 GHz radiofrequency（RF） exposure. Methods The MEAs were coupled with a real-time RF exposure setup, and electromagnetic simulation software was used to calculate the RF dose absorbed in cultured neuronal networks. A fiber-optic temperature probe was used for experimental validation and monitoring of the cell temperature during RF exposure.The MEAs were used to record the electrical activity of neurons. Results For an input power of 1 W,a specific absorption rate （SAR）level of （15.51± 2.48） W/kg was calculated, and the variability of the SAR distribution was 16%. In our experimental system, the temperature elevation of neurons was up to 0.15 ℃ for an SAR of 4 W/kg RF exposure. Conclusion The exposure device can provide high SAR efficiency and uniformity in the 2.6 GHz band, which is suitable for studying the real-time effects of RF fields on the electrical activity of neuronal networks in the 5G network band.

Objective To establish an auxiliary method for diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury based on serum GFAP rapid detection test strips using immunochromatographic technology labeled with quantum dot microspheres. Methods The quantum dot microspheres were coupled with GFAP antibodies.The detection conditions were optimized to obtain the fluorescence probe in order to prepare the immunochromatographic test strips. An auxiliary diagnostic method was established after optimization of detection conditions. Finally, the auxiliary diagnostic effect of the test strips was evaluated using clinical samples. Results The serum concentration of GFAP could be detected by the optimized test strips within 13 mins with a detection limit of 0.15 ng/mL, and no more than 70 μL of the serum sample was required. In addition, good reproducibility was achieved by different batches of test strips （CV=10.7%）. The detection sensitivity and specificity of the strips to mild traumatic brain injury using 51 clinical samples were 95.24% and 96.67% respectively, indicating good effects of detection. Conclusion The developed test strips are user-friendly with reliable results, which can facilitate field rapid diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury in complicated wartime environments.

The Dietary Ration for Military Personnel（GJB 826C—2022）is a new standard formulated after revision of the national military standard - Dietary Ration for Soldiers （GJB826B—2010）. The major changes included that：①The daily standards of the ration for different types of stoveswere merged and integrated, and special requirements for food ration and food quality of personnel in special positions such as pilots, divers and those in direct contact with nuclear materials were specified;②The food structure was optimized. The daily standards of ration for grain, animal food, especially livestock and poultry meat were lowered while those for fruit and milk were increased.The requirements for the supply of whole grains were elevated while the proportions of lean meat, beef and mutton, seafood and other animal foods were detailed;③The new daily standards for nuts were added.The new standard could better meet the practical needsof actual combat, underscored dietary quality, and proved to be more user-friendly and practical. It is of great significance for improving the dietary nutrition of troops, creating a new dietary pattern to improve combat effectiveness, constructing a support system for joint military operations, and enhancing the military supply capabilities in China.