In the Ukraine crisis since 2022, the Russian army has adopted a wide range of strategies for medical support as required by the battlefield, including adjusting the ways of medical evacuation, increasing the number of medical institutions and personnel, optimizing the mechanism for medical supplies, improving rehabilitation and sanatorium facilities, enhancing military medical education and training, developing new health care equipment and field rescue techniques. This paper analyzes the characteristics and effects of these new strategies implemented by the Russian army.

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 （TRPV1） ion channel, a non-selective cation channel, not only plays a key role in pain transmission but also serves as a bridge between the nervous system and immune system by regulating neuropeptide release, immune cell activation, and inflammatory signaling pathways. This article summarized its crucial role in inflammatory signal transduction, discussed the interaction mechanism between TRPV1 and the neuro-immune regulatory axis, and explored its potential as a therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases.

With the growing complexity and higher risk of modern warfare, artificial intelligence （AI） technologies have been increasingly used in the field of military medicine. This study investigates the innovative applications of AI in military medicine, focusing on practices in such countries as the United States, Israel and the United Kingdom. The research reveals that AI technologies have been extensively applied in battlefield medical training, casualty status monitoring, medical decision support and unmanned rescue operations. Through virtual reality simulation, intelligent decision support and vital sign monitoring technologies, AI has significantly improved the efficiency and precision of battlefield medical care. Despite challenges related to technological implementation, environmental adaptability and ethical controversies, future battlefield medical care will increasingly rely on unmanned systems and intelligent equipment to deliver efficient medical treatment through human-machine collaboration.

In 2024, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency （DARPA） intensified its deployment and management of biotechnological defense applications that involved four major domains： combat effectiveness enhancement, biosecurity defense, development of military materials, and intelligent biotechnology. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of DARPA′s 2024 biotech advancements to provide a reference for related research and development in China.

In the era of rational molecular design of fusion proteins, linker selection has garnered significant attention as a critical determinant of construct functionality. Suboptimal selection of linkers may result in such structural perturbations as protein misfolding, reduced expression yields, and compromised bioactivity. Consequently, the strategic selection of linkers tailored to specific objectives of molecular design by optimizing spatial orientation, maintaining domain autonomy or enabling post-translational modifications has emerged as a pivotal research frontier. Given these challenges, this review outlines the common properties of linkers, ways of classification, and the functional-structural interplay in current applications. Furthermore, we propose context-dependent selection frameworks for therapeutic proteins, biosensors, and enzyme cascades, which can serve as a systematic methodology to guide linker optimization in next-generation fusion protein engineering.

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the leading cause of potentially survivable combat casualty death,dominated by non-compressible hemorrhage in the torso and junctional areas. Rapid hemostasis using war trauma dressings is the mainstay of treatment for such casualties. The article reviews the research progress of novel hemostatic dressings for war trauma,including novel improved dressings,multifunctional dressings,electrospinning wound dressings,and smart dressings in order to provide references for the research on war trauma dressings.

Infectious pneumonia caused by bacteria,viruses,or other pathogenic microorganisms remains a huge threat to human health. Immunocyte-derived biomimetic nano-drug delivery systems can be used for drug delivery by taking advantage of the natural anti-inflammatory effect of immune cells and thus show great potential in lung-targeted therapy. This review begins by introducing different types of immune cells in the lung. The preparation methods of immunocyte-derived biomimetic nano-drug delivery systems and their applications in bacterial pneumonia,viral pneumonia,acute respiratory distress syndrome and cytokine storms are also reviewed. The review is expected to provide data for the targeted therapy of infectious pneumonia.

Objective To explore the neuroprotective effects of nicotinamide riboside against microwave radiation-induced brain injury in mice. Methods Mice were subjected to whole-body uniform microwave radiation （at a central frequency of 2.856 GHz,and average power density of 20 mW/cm⊃2; for 30 min）. After radiation,the mice received intraperitoneal injections of nicotinamide riboside chloride at doses of 250,500,or 1000 mg/（kg·d）. Behavioral performance was assessed using the open field test （OFT） and elevated plus maze （EPM）. Histopathological changes in the cortex （CTX）,hippocampus （HPC）,and hypothalamus （HT） were detected via hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Levels of such pro-inflammatory cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in the CTX,HPC,and HT were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Proteomic analysis was performed to assess changes in protein expressions in the CTX. Results After microwave exposure,the exploratory behavior of mice was reduced,and the entries into the central zone and open arms were decreased （P<0.05）. Neuronal injuries were increased,and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were elevated （P<0.05）. Proteomic analysis indicated that differentially expressed proteins were mostly enriched through oxidative phosphorylation related pathways. NR interventions significantly ameliorated these alterations,as evidenced by increased exploratory behavior,reduced neuronal injury,decreased inflammatory cytokine levels （P<0.05）,and the reversal of expressions of dysregulated proteins,including zinc finger AN1-type domain-containing protein 5 （Zfand5）. Conclusion NR can alleviate brain injury and associated behavioral and neuroinflammatory alterations in mice induced by microwave radiation,which might involve the zfands and other key molecules.

Objective To investigate the effects of intermittent microwave irradiation on pathological structure and cognitive function of Alzheimer’s disease （AD） mice. Methods Forty C57BL/6J mice and another forty 5×FAD mice were randomly divided into the sham irradiation （sham-WT）,irradiation （MW-WT）,AD sham irradiation （sham-AD）,and AD irradiation （MW-AD） groups,with 20 mice in each. Mice underwent daily 1-hour microwave irradiation （900 MHz,40 Hz repetition rate） on an intermittent schedule： 2 weeks on,2 weeks off,and 2 weeks on again. The cognitive function of mice was assessed via behavioral experiments conducted both immediately and six weeks after irradiation. The expressions of phosphorylated tau（p-Tau） and β amyloid protein （Aβ） plaques were detected via immunofluorescence. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the levels of key enzymes involved in Aβ production and neuroinflammatory factors in the brain tissue. Results Compared with the sham-WT group,the novel object recognition index and the novel arm recognition index in the sham-AD group were significantly reduced（P<0.05）, but those were significantly increased in the MW-AD group compared to the sham-AD group （P<0.05）. In addition,the levels of p-Tau and Aβ proteins in the brain of the MW-AD group were significantly decreased （P<0.05） while the levels of β-secretase and γ-secretase in the cortex were significantly increased （P<0.05）. The levels of CD68,tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）,and interleukin-10 （IL-10） were also increased to varying degrees （P<0.05）. Conclusion Intermittent microwave irradiation （900 MHz,40 Hz） can ameliorate cognitive deficits and attenuate Aβ and p-Tau pathology in AD mice rather than inhibit the key secretases involved in Aβ production or the occurrence of neuroinflammation.

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and their associations with TCM constitutions in individuals who have migrated to plateau areas,and to provide a scientific basis for plateau health management. Methods Migrants living in areas above 3000 m were selected as research subjects. Data were collected by using TCM symptom assessment scales and constitution assessment scales. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to determine the incidence and severity of symptoms among individuals with different migration durations,and core symptoms were identified. Factor analysis was performed by using SPSS software to extract symptom clusters and explore the correlation between core symptoms and TCM constitutions. Results Among individuals who migrated to plateau areas,the incidence of discomfort symptoms was 83.44%. The five most common symptoms were dry skin （67.94%）,forgetfulness （56.03%）,dry mouth （52.06%）,yellow urine （48.73%）,and insomnia （47.14%）. In the top 10 symptoms with the highest increase in incidence,yellow urine （33.51%） and forgetfulness （26.33%） were both present in the top 10 symptoms across different migration durations. Factor analysis extracted 5,2,4,and 6 symptom clusters from the overall population,individuals who migrated within 1 year,those who migrated for 1-2 years,and those who migrated over 2 years,respectively. Qi-deficiency constitution （QDC）,blood stasis constitution （BSC）,qi stagnation constitution （QSC）,phlegm-dampness constitution （PDC）,and dampness-heat constitution （DHC） were significantly positively correlated with forgetfulness. Conclusion Migrating to plateau areas can induce discomfort symptoms,and both the number and incidence of symptoms increase with longer migration durations. The number and incidence of high-frequency symptoms （incidence≥30%） increase with prolonged migration time. There are differences in the composition and severity of symptom clusters across different migration durations. QDC,BSC,QSC,PDC,and DHC are closely related to forgetfulness and can be considered risk constitutions for forgetfulness. Timely attention to changes in symptom clusters and constitutions can help prevent and mitigate the occurrence and development of symptoms.

Objective To find out about perceived stress, self-compassion, cognitive flexibility, and depression among young males at high altitudes, construct a relational model between perceived stress and depression, explore the relationship between perceived stress and depression, and examine the roles of self-compassion and cognitive flexibility. Methods Using the convenient sampling method, 733 young males from a high-altitude unit were surveyed via the general information questionnaire, the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale （CPSS）, the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory （CFI）, Self-Compassion Scale （SCS） and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scales （CES-D）. Results （1）The CES-D score was 13.92±; 3.38. （2）Perceived stress was positively correlated with depression （r=0.28,P< 0.01）. （3）Self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between perceived stress and depression, accounting for 59.05% of the total effect. （4）Cognitive flexibility moderated the relationship between self-compassion and depression （P< 0.05）. Conclusion Young males at high altitudes exhibit notable levels of depressive symptoms. Perceived stress was significantly positively correlated with depression.By enhancing self-compassion and cognitive flexibility, the incidence of depressive symptoms among young males in prolonged high-stress conditions can be reduced.

目的 军事无人机操作具有远程操控、轮班作业、长时间飞行等作业特点,操作人员容易产生疲劳、失眠、睡眠不足和睡眠质量降低等问题。对军事无人机操控员的睡眠质量和疲劳状况进行调查,为采取干预措施提供理论依据。方法 随机抽取无人机操控员107例,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）和疲劳量表（FS-14）对睡眠质量和疲劳状态进行评估。结果 无人机操控员睡眠障碍检出率为28%;PSQI总分为（6.21±2.67）分,显著高于国内普通成人群和歼击机飞行员（P<0.01）,但与运输机飞行员得分无统计学差异（P>0.05）;高原地区无人机操控员PSQI总分显著高于平原地区（P<0.05）。无人机操控员在体力疲劳、脑力疲劳和疲劳总分3个维度均低于歼击机飞行员,但无统计学差异（P>0.05）。相关分析结果显示,PSQI总分与体力疲劳、脑力疲劳和FS-14疲劳总分均呈显著正相关。结论 军事无人机操控员睡眠状况需重点关注,不同飞行作业类别对睡眠和疲劳的影响程度不同,有必要开展战训现地客观检测及相关保障措施研究。

The increasing complexity of modern military operations has heightened research attention to the impacts of sleep restriction （SR） on soldiers’ combat effectiveness. This article analyzes SR-induced deficits in military performance, reviews global military countermeasures （spanning technical interventions to institutional safeguards）, and proposes actionable optimization frameworks for military sleep management.

Modern warfare poses a severe challenge to medical support so that portable, efficient, and real-time battlefield diagnostic technologies are needed desperately. This review focuses on wearable ultrasound devices by summarizing their applicability and developments in military medical support. This article analyzes the advantages unique to flexible transducers, portable acquisition of data, and wireless communication as well as ways in which such technologies revolutionize the immediate diagnosis of combat injuries （such as craniocerebral and thoracoabdominal trauma and fractures） and daily health monitoring （including musculoskeletal injuries and cardiovascular assessments）. The article also offers insights into the critical challenges facing imaging quality, data processing, and energy supply endurance in order to clarify the significant implications of this device for enhancing the timeliness of battlefield casualty care, optimizing the allocation of medical resources, and safeguarding soldiers’ health. Furthermore, this study points to the need for intensified research and development of hardware design and intelligent algorithms to accelerate the related applications in military medicine.

In military operational environments, soldiers are frequently exposed to the combined effects of multiple stressors, whether natural, physical or psychological, which combine to impact their physiological and psychological health. This paper elaborates stress among soldiers in military operational environments in terms of manifestations, underlying mechanisms and interventions. It has been found that the primary physiological mechanisms involve the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal （HPA） axis while psychological ones are related to cognitive appraisal and emotional regulation. Coping strategies for stress include stress assessment in soldiers, virtual reality（VR） simulation training and psychological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy and mindfulness meditation. Subsequent research should focus on the psychophysiological interactiond under specific military stressors and development of personalized intervention programs, such as adaptive VR training protocols. These advancements are crucial to enhancing psychological resilience and preserving the overall combat effectiveness of military forces.

Objective To profile ubiquitination in cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-2（CASP2） deficient cells under heat shock and investigate the role of CASP2 in stress response. Methods Ubiquitination levels in subcellular fractions of control and CASP2 knockout （KO） cells were detected via Western blotting. After 2 hours of heat shock treatment, Soluble Ⅱ and Pellet fractions were collected from both control and CASP2 KO cells for ubiquitinome analysis. Anti-di-glycine remnant （K-ε-GG） antibody-based proteomic analysis was performed to identify differentially ubiquitinated proteins and associated key signaling pathways. Proteins that displayed significantly upregulated ubiquitination in CASP2 KO cells under heat shock were subjected to His-tag pull-down assays to find out whether CASP2 regulated the ubiquitination of these proteins. Results Under heat shock, CASP2 KO cells displayed significantly higher accumulation of overloaded ubiquitinated conjugates in the Pellet fraction compared to controls. Ubiquitinomics analysis revealed substantial alterations in protein ubiquitination patterns following CASP2 KO. One hundred proteins exhibited significantly elevated ubiquitination levels while 36 proteins had their ubiquitination reduced relative to controls. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis indicated that hyper-ubiquitinated proteins were primarily associated with Huntington disease, Alzheimer disease, bile secretion, carbon metabolism and autophagy. His-tag pull-down assays combined with Western blotting revealed increased ubiquitination of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced - ubiquinone oxidoreductase 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 （NDUFB3） and autophagy-related protein 9A （ATG9A） in CASP2 KO cells under heat shock. Conclusion Overloaded ubiquitinated conjugates are accumulated due to CASP2 deficiency during heat shock. CASP2 modulates ubiquitination levels through multiple signaling pathways.

Objective To establish a rapid detection method for Clostridium botulinum in food. Methods A rapid detection method based on RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a was developed by integrating recombinase polymerase amplification （RPA） with the CRISPR-Cas12a system. After the reaction conditions were optimized,the method′s sensitivity,specificity,and usefulness were methodically confirmed. Results and Conclusion The optimized method achieved detection within 1 hour,with a limit of detection （LOD） of 1.91 copies/µL. No cross-reactivity was observed with non-target pathogens. The RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a-based detection method developed in this study exhibits high specificity,sensitivity,and operational simplicity and may provide a feasible solution for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogens.

Objective To investigate the direct stimulatory effects of calprotectin S100A8/A9 on hepatic stellate cells （HSCs） and underlying regulatory mechanisms. Methods Primary HSCs of mice were stimulated with S100A8/A9 heterodimer recombinant protein at 200 and 1000 ng/mL. Data on quantitative proteomics was obtained using the tandem mass tag （TMT）-labeled method before changes in the protein level of HSCs were analyzed. Differentially expressed proteins （DEPs） were screened using Significance B method and P< 0.05, followed by Reactome pathway enrichment analysis. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions between the DEPs enriched in the pathways were analyzed using the STRING database. Results The protein expression profile of HSCs was significantly altered after treatment with S100A8/A9 at 1000 ng/mL. Reactome pathway enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in such pathways as transforming growth factor-beta （TGF-β） signaling, nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB） signaling activation, cytokine-mediated immune regulation, and collagen biosynthesis. The analysis of protein-protein interactions identified NF-kappa-B transcription factor subunit （RELB）, chemokine （C-X-C motif） ligand 10 （CXCL10） and Notch receptor 1 （NOTCH1） as key hub proteins in the regulatory network. Conclusion S100A8/A9 can directly stimulate the activation of HSCs, through NF-κB signaling, TGF-β signaling, and Notch signaling pathways potentially. This study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the activation of HSCs stimulated by S100A8/A9.

Objective To investigate the impact of myeloid cell-specific knockout of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor（G-CSFR） on the progression of acute radiation pneumonitis. Methods Myeloid cell-specific G-CSFR knockout（G-CSFR^-/-,Lyz2-cre） mice were constructed. G-CSFR^-/-,Lyz2-cre and C57BL/6N mice underwent a single whole-body irradiation with 6.5 Gy of ⁶⁰Co γ-rays to establish a model of radiation injury. The lung function of mice was assessed using a mouse lung function test system at 3,7 and 14-days post γ-ray irradiation. Pathological changes in the lung tissue were analyzed via hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining of paraffin sections. Tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interleukin-10 （IL-10） levels were measured via radioimmunoassay. IL-8 and its receptor CXCR2 were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The infiltration of neutrophils in lung tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemical detection of myeloperoxidase. Results At 3-,7- and 14-days post-irradiation with 6.5 Gy of ⁶⁰Co γ-rays,there were no significant differences observed in lung function or interstitial inflammatory lesions between G-CSFR^-/-,Lyz2-cre mice and C57BL/6N mice. However,the infiltration of neutrophils in lung tissue of G-CSFR^-/-,Lyz2-cre mice was significantly reduced （P<0.01）,and the levels of IL-8,CXCR2 and TNF-α in lung tissues were markedly lower than in C57BL/6N mice （P<0.05）. Conclusion The myeloid cell-specific knockout of G-CSFR can effectively diminish neutrophil infiltration as well as inflammatory cytokine levels in lung tissues following radiation exposure.

Objective To heterologously express and purify the small ubiquitin-like modifier （SUMO） tag fused organophosphorus hydrolase mutant H257Y/L303T （YT）,namely SUMO-YT,and evaluate its hydrolytic capacity against ethyl paraoxon and soman. Methods The SUMO tag encoding gene was constructed at the N-terminus of the YT encoding gene with a linker sequence via enzyme digestion and ligation before SUMO-YT was expressed in Escherichia coli. SUMO-YT and YT were purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography to obtain high-purity target proteins. The activity and kinetic parameters of the recombinant enzymes were examined using ethyl paraoxon and soman as substrates. Results The system for expression and purification of recombinant enzymes was established,yielding SUMO-YT and YT,and the former exhibited more significantly enhanced hydrolytic efficiency than the latter,with catalytic rates 11-fold higher for paraoxon and 4.4-fold higher for soman. At 37 ℃ and pH 7.2,SUMO-YT reduced the inhibition rate of acetylcholinesterase （AChE） by soman from 100% to 45.7% within 3 minutes,whereas YT reduced it to no more than 80%. Conclusion The high-activity recombinant SUMO-YT is prepared. SUMO tag fusion can significantly enhance the hydrolytic capacity of YT against ethyl paraoxon and soman.

Objective To explore the role of dapansutrile （OLT1177） in radiation-induced intestinal injury and the mechanism. Methods C57BL/6J mice were locally irradiated in the abdomen with ⁶⁰Co to induce a model of radiation-induced intestinal injury. OLT1177 was intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 100 mg/kg 2 hours before irradiation and 6 hours after irradiation before the drug was administered once a day. At 12 hours after irradiation, intestinal tissues were taken for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling（TUNEL） staining to detect apoptosis in intestinal tissues. At 4 days after irradiation, mouse serum was collected to detect the levels of inflammatory factors in the serum. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） stainingwas used for the evaluation of the damage to the intestinal villus structure. Immunohistochemical staining was adopted to detect the changes in crypt proliferation in intestinal tissues. Finally, proteins were isolated from intestinal tissues, and Western blotting was employed to evaluate the activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3（NLRP3） inflammasome. Results After irradiation, the intestinal villi in mice were shortened. Meanwhile, there was a notable declinein the number of cells that were proliferating in the crypts, a surge in the number of apoptotic cells, and a significant spike in the overall inflammatory level. However, administration of OLT1177 inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, reduced apoptosis and pyroptosis, decreased the inflammatory level, and thus improved radiation-induced intestinal injury. Conclusion Administration of OLT1177 can significantly mitigate radiation-induced intestinal injury.

Objective To construct nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3） knockout mice in order to investigate the effects of NLRP3 knockout on radiation-induced acute pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. Methods Nlrp3^+/+ and Nlrp3^-/- mice were randomly divided into the control group and irradiation group. To induce radiation-caused acute pneumonitis, the control group was exposed to sham irradiation while the irradiation group was exposed to ⁶⁰Co γ-rays at a dose of 22 Gy at a dose rate of 184.30 R/min. At 14 days post-irradiation,the body weight of each mouse and the wet weight of its lung tissue were measured separately using an analytical balance to calculate the lung coefficient. Quantitative real-time PCR （qPCR） and cytometric bead array （CBA） were used to detect inflammatory responses in lung tissues and serum. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining and F4/80 immunohistochemical staining were used to assess pathological changes and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissues. Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1（caspase-1） activation was analyzed by Western blotting. To establish a model of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, mice were irradiated with ⁶⁰Co γ-rays at a dose of 18 Gy at a dose rate of 174.67 R/min. At 24 weeks post-irradiation, HE staining and Masson staining were performed to evaluate pulmonary fibrosis. Results NLRP3 knockout inhibited caspase-1 activation, reduced inflammatory responses in lung tissues and serum, suppressed macrophage infiltration, alleviated pulmonary edema, and thereby protected against acute radiation-induced lung injury. Additionally, NLRP3 knockout significantly ameliorated late-stage radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Conclusion NLRP3 knockout can mitigate both early radiation-induced pneumonia and lateradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Osteoporosis is a globally prevalent metabolic bone disease, with bone homeostasis imbalance being its key pathogenic mechanism. Over the years, studies on the relationship between ambient temperature and bone health have shown heterogeneous results due to different conditions. Epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of osteoporotic fractures varies geographically and climatically. People in cold regions experience earlier bone loss, and high-latitude cold areas are high-risk zones for hip fractures. Osteoporosis is more prevalent in North China that in South China. Additionally, the early stage of the disease is insidious, highlighting the need for early prevention and treatment across the entire population. Mechanistically, low temperatures affect acral bone development, reduce bone blood circulation, cause degradation of bone microstructure, and increase osteocyte apoptosis, thereby promoting bone resorption and reducing bone mass. This review aims to provide data and new lines of thought for the early precise prevention and effective clinical treatment of osteoporosis in cold regions.

Objective To develop an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry （UPLC-MS） method for quantifying serum levels of norepinephrine （NE） and 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）,and to monitor the dynamic changes in these neurotransmitters during the process of establishing a model of acute reserpine-induced depression-like mice. Methods By evaluating matrix effect,recovery,precision,and accuracy efficiency,an UPLC-MS method for determining the concentrations of NE and 5-HT in serum was established. Forty-eight C57 mice were randomly divided into normal control and model groups,which were intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline （10 mL/kg） and reserpine （2.5 mg/kg）,respectively. At various time points after intraperitoneal injection,the degree of ptosis and decreases in body temperature of the mice were observed before orbital blood was sample for the determination of NE and 5-HT levels. Results The concentrations of NE and 5-HT showed good linearity within the range of 15.63 to 2000.00 ng/mL,with R⊃2; values greater than 0.999. The results of methodological validation met the requirements for the analysis of biological samples,with a lower limit of quantification of 15.63 ng/mg. After intraperitoneal injection of reserpine,the model mice exhibited varying body temperature decreases and ptosis. At 1 and 2 h post-administration,the depression-like symptoms in the model group were significantly different from those of the normal control group （P<0.01）. The body temperature of mice in the model group was significantly lower than that of mice in the normal control group （P<0.01）,while the score of the eyelid ptosis was significantly higher （P<0.001）. The levels of NE and 5-HT in the serum of model mice were also significantly depleted,and were significantly different from those of the normal control group at 0.5,1 and 2 h （P<0.05）. Conclusion The study process of established a rapid and accurate method for dynamically observing the changes in NE and 5-HT levels during the process of establishing a model of acute reserpine-induced depression-like mice,which might contribute to the study of the pathogenesis of depression and the development of new antidepressant drugs.

Heart failure （HF） is a cardiovascular disease with a high prevalence and mortality rate worldwide, and despite the widespread use of existing drugs, device intervetions and surgical procedures, the clinical outcomes are still unsatisfactory.The exploration of new methods to treat HF is still an urgent problem. Gene therapy provides a new therapeutic strategy for HF by targeting the regulation of pathogenic genes. This article systematically reviewed the delivery system optimization, key targets and clinical translational challenges of gene therapy for HF, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of treatment strategies.

Objective To establish a model that integrates ultrasound features and immunological characteristics for predicting the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy （NAC） in breast cancer patients. Methods A total of 203 breast cancer patients undergoing preoperative NAC at the Fifth Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital between July 2021 and July 2024 were screened. In line with the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 177 patients were included. Data on ultrasound and immunohistochemistry was collected. These patients were divided into pathological complete response （pCR） and non-pathological complete response（non-pCR） groups based on postoperative pathology. Factors with P<0.01 in univariate analysis were evaluated using multivariate Logistic regression. Independent predictive factors were used to construct and validate the ultrasound-immunohistochemical model via Bootstrap. Results The reduction rateof the maximum diameter of lesions, posterior echo attenuation, PR status and HER-2 status were identified as independent predictors of pCR （all P<0.05）. The model proved to be highly accurate and stable. Conclusion The model that combines ultrasound and immunohistochemical features can effectively evaluatep CR after NAC in breast cancer patients.

Objective To investigate how deubiquitinase OTU domain-containing protein 3 （OTUD3） suppresses the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via gut-liver axis metabolic remodeling and microbiome dynamics. Methods A total of 24 male 2-week-old littermate C57BL/6J mice （12 wild-type and 12 Otud3^-/-） were divided into two differential genotype groups before 6 mice from each group were randomly chosen to receive intraperitoneal injections of N-nitrosodiethylamine（DEN） for hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）induction. The mice were divided into four groups （n=6/group）： Otud3^+/+ control （WT CON）, Otud3^-/- control （KO CON）, Otud3^+/+ DEN-induced HCC （WT DEN）, and Otud3^-/- DEN-induced HCC （KO DEN）. At 40 weeks of age, liver tissues were collected for metabolomic profiling, and fecal samples were obtained for 16S rRNA sequencing. Results Multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis （PCA）, partial least squares-discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）, sparse partial least squares-discriminant analysis （sPLS-DA）, and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis （OrthoPLS-DA）, demonstrated complete intergroup separability. Fifty-four differential metabolites were identified between the WT DEN and KO DEN groups through metabolomic profiling, with gut-liver axis-associated pathways such as cholesterol metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis revealed by KEGG pathway analysis. Microbiome analysis indicated an upregulation of Bacteroides at the genus level in the KO DEN group compared to WT DEN. Pearson correlation analysis highlighted amino acids and derivatives as predominant metabolite classes and revealed Bacteroidetes and Firmicutesas the dominant gut microbial phyla. Conclusion OTUD3 suppresses HCC progression by modulating gut-liver axis metabolism, potentially mediated by elevated betaine and increased abundance of Odoribacter, Alistipes, and Lachnoclostridium.

Amid increasing globalization, the risk of vector-borne diseases has risen significantly, posing a huge threat to public health in China. This situation is particularly pronounced in the military. Military personnel, who are highly concentrated and engaged in cross-regional operations, are exceedingly vulnerable to an epidemiconce exposed to vector organisms, thus impacting their combat effectiveness and health. Effective vaccines or preventive medications for vector-borne diseases are lacking, so vector control has become critical to curbing the spread. This paper not only analyzes the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases in China amid globalization and urbanization, but also summarizes the advancements in novel vector-control strategies that are compared and contrasted with traditional approaches. The prevention and control of vector organisms requires long-term, systematic, and collaborated efforts. China should comply with the basic principles concerning sustainable vector management （SVM）. By strengthening the monitoring system, fostering inter-regional collaboration, and promoting new technologies and equipment, we can safeguard public health and the safety of military personnel and civilians.

Objective To find out whether photobiomodulation （PBM） can mitigate cognitive dysfunction caused by chronic stress by affecting levels of adenosine triphosphate （ATP） and adenosine receptors. Methods Twenty-four C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a control group, a stress group, and a treatment group. Chronic unpredictable mild stress was used to establish a mouse model of stress. Six weeks into modeling, the treatment group was subjected to one week of PBM interventions. Behavioral tests were conducted to observe behavioral changes in the mice. Western blotting （WB） was used to detect the expressions of A1, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of mice in the three groups. Twelve C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a control group and an intervention group. The intervention group received a week of PBM interventions and underwent behavioral testing. WB was used to detect the expression changes of A1, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in both groups. Immunofluorescence assay was adopted to detect the expression of c-Fos in the hippocampus of mice in the two groups. The ATP assay kit made by Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. was used to measure changes in ATP contents in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex tissues of mice. Cell experiments were conducted to verify the effect of PBM on intracellular ATP contents. Results Mice in the stress group covered a similar distance to the control group, but finished far fewer platform crossings. There was no significant difference between the treatment group and the control group in the number of times of platform crossings, but compared favorably with the stress group where the levels of adenosine receptors in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were lower, but were increased by PBM. After PBM interventions in normal mice, platform crossings were increased significantly compared to the control group. PBM also raised adenosine receptor levels and ATP contents in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and increased hippocampal c-Fos expressions. In vitro, PBM elevated intracellular ATP levels. Conclusion PBM may improve chronic stress-induced cognitive dysfunction by regulating ATP levels and adenosine receptor expressions, thereby modulating neuronal responsiveness in the hippocampus.

Objective To identify candidate compounds that activate thermogenesis during cold exposure by integrating the Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures （LINCS） with RNA expression profiles specific to cold-induced thermogenesis. Methods Gene expression profiles of interscapular brown adipose tissue （BAT） and inguinal white adipose tissue （iWAT） were generated from 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice which were housed at 5 ℃ or room temperature （23 ℃） for 7 days. The gene expression signatures of the cold-induced BAT and iWAT were compared to the LINCS dataset to predict potential candidates for testing in a cold challenge model that was intended to assess thermogenesis activation. The pharmacological potential of the identified compounds was evaluated in a cold-exposed mouse model. The core body temperature and infrared thermal imaging were collected to monitor physiological responses during cold exposure. Additionally, hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was used to assess morphological changes of fat cells of BAT, iWAT, and epididymal white adipose tissue （eWAT）. Results The transcriptomic signatures related to cold-induced thermogenesis were obtained and the top 20 candidate compounds were identified by comparison with the LINCS dataset. Mice treated with withaferin A （WA） during the cold challenge exhibited elevated rectal temperatures and smaller adipocyte sizes compared to controls. Conclusion Our drug repurposing strategy, which connects transcriptional profiles with LINCS data, identifies potential compounds. WA enhances thermogenesis and metabolic activity in adipose tissue, which helps maintain body temperature, and improves cold tolerance during exposure to low temperatures.

Objective To analyze the incidence of acute radiation dermatitis （ARD） induced by postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy in breast cancer patients during and after radiotherapy,and to explore the contributors to ARD so as to provide data for formulating phased and individualized prevention and management strategies. Methods A convenient sampling method was used to select 98 patients as subjects who had undergone postoperative intensity-modulated radiation therapy （IMRT） for breast cancer between June 2022 and June 2023. According to the grading criteria for Radiation Therapy Oncology Group （RTOG）,the occurrence and severity of ARD in patients during radiotherapy （once a week） and within 6 weeks of radiotherapy （once a week） were dynamically evaluated. The clinical data of the patients was collected. Chi-square test was used for univariate analysis,and Logistic regression analysis was conducted to screen independent contributors. Results Among the 98 patients,96 developed ARD above grade 0,with an overall incidence rate of 97.96%. The incidence rate was 74.5% （73/98） during radiotherapy and 23.5% （23/98） after radiotherapy. ARD was likely 3 to 5 weeks into radiotherapy and 2 weeks after radiotherapy. Univariate analysis showed that age and menopause were significantly correlated with the occurrence of ARD （P<0.05）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis suggested that age <60 years old during radiotherapy was an independent risk factor for ARD （OR=0.272,95%CI 0.091-0.816,P=0.020）,so was menopause after radiotherapy （OR=3.057,95%CI 1.120-8.344,P=0.029）. Conclusion The overall incidence of ARD is high among breast cancer patients after postoperative radiotherapy,and varies by age. Young patients have a higher risk of ARD during radiotherapy while menopausal ones have an increased risk of ARD after radiotherapy. Clinically,phased prevention and control strategies should be implemented for high-risk groups in different periods to reduce the harm of ARD and improve the radiotherapy prognosis of patients.

Objective To establish a rapid immunological detection method for MPT64 protein based on red microspheres and select highly-sensitive and highly-specific antibody pairs. Methods A His-tagged prokaryotic expression vector was constructed for expression of MPT64 protein that was used to immunize New Zealand white rabbits after purification and validation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMCs） were isolated from the rabbits, and antigen-specific B cells expressing antibodies were sorted using single B-cell flow cytometry. mRNA in B cells was reverse-transcribed into cDNA, and paired antibody heavy- and light-chain sequences were amplified via nested PCR. Expression vectors were constructed, and recombinant antibodies were produced in Expi293F cells. Fluorescent immunochromatography was employed to screen for matched antibody pairs. The selected antibodies were used to establish a rapid detection method based on red microsphere immunochromatography. Results Ten high-affinity monoclonal antibodies against MPT64 were generated. Two antibody pairs were selected for MPT64 immunodetection that reached a sensitivity of 0.0125 ng/mL. Conclusion High-affinity rabbit monoclonal antibodies against MPT64 are obtained via single B-cell technology, and a rapid red microspheres-based immunodetection method is established, enabling highly sensitive detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis MPT64 protein.

Battalion aid stations usually serve as the critical bridge between medical rescue and early treatment, whose treatment efficiency will make a huge difference in the survival rate of casualties on battlefields in the future. This paper reviews the evolution of the functions of U.S. military battalion aid stations. By taking the U.S. Marine Corps and the 75th Ranger Regiment, this article elaborates on the practices by the U.S. military in the construction of battalion aid stations, and unveils the takeaways from the construction of the army battalion aid stations and their limitations. It is recommended that future battalion aid stations should set support tasks based on the need of medical services, optimize the make-up of battalion aid stations, improve their support capabilities and informatization, and provide better en-route treatment in order to ensure battalion aid stations can play a more important role.

Objective To establish a quantum dot immunochromatographic test strip for simultaneous detection of central nervous system-specific protein （S100β） and neuron-specific enolase （NSE）, thereby achieving combined detection of both biomarkers. Methods A double-antibody sandwich immunochromatographic assay was developed using S100β and NSE capture antibodies as the test line and species-specific secondary antibodies as the control line coated on the nitrocellulose membrane. Quantum dot bead-conjugated antibodies targeting S100β and NSE served as fluorescent probes. The preparation parameters of the strip were optimized, and its performance was systematically evaluated to develop a rapid diagnostic strip for mild traumatic brain injury （mTBI）. The diagnostic efficacy of the strip was further validated using clinical samples. Results The total assay time for combined detection of S100β and NSE was 17 min, with a limit of detection （LOD） of 0.1 ng/mL for S100β and 2.67 ng/mL for NSE. The inter-batch reproducibility of the strips was excellent （coefficient of variation, CV<15%）. In clinical validation using 24 mTBI samples, the combined detection strip demonstrated a specificity of 90% and a sensitivity of 92.86%, outperforming single-marker detection. These results prove that the simultaneous quantification of S100β and NSE enhances diagnostic efficacy for mTBI patients. Conclusion A combined detection method for the biomarkers S100β and NSE in mTBI, based on quantum dot immunochromatography, has been preliminarily established. This method demonstrates promising clinical application prospects in the auxiliary diagnosis of mTBI.

The U.S. Department of Defense （DoD） has made tremendous efforts to build up its biological defense capability in recent years, so that the annual biological defense budget accounts for 14% to 15% of the total of the U.S. government, which is closely related to the rapid development of biotechnology and its strategic significance during the rival between world powers. A second contributor is that the United States has been seeking hegemony in the biological field. In fiscal year 2019-2024, the expenditure/budget of the US DoD′s biological defense spikedwith the layout focused on early warning of threats, pathogen detection and response, and capability enhancement. This initiative is characterized by simultaneous implementation of multiple projects in a wide range of fields, strong synergy between different agencies, integration of military and civil resources, systematic planning of support systems for biological defense technologies.

With the rapid development and widespread application of microwave technology, people's lives and work have been made more convenient. However, the health of those who are constantly exposed to complex microwave environments is also threatened. In recent years, many studies have found that long-term exposure to microwaves can cause damage to cognitive function. However, the damage mechanism has not been fully understood. This article reviews the research progress of microwave radiation on cognitive function in recent years, the damage mechanism, and the related drugs for protection and treatment, in order to provide references for research in this field.

Hemorrhagic shock （HS） is a state of acute circulatory failure caused by massive hemorrhage that results in a sharp decrease in effective circulating blood volume and tissue hypoperfusion. HS easily triggers a series of complex pathophysiological changes, among which mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as a key link. Mitochondria are the center of cellular energy production, which are involved in the regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress response and immune regulation. With in-depth studies on the pathophysiological mechanism of HS, the role of mitochondria in HS has received more attention, but the mechanism of action remains elusive. This article reviews the pathophysiological characteristics, molecular regulatory mechanisms and research progress related to therapeutic drugs for mitochondrial injury after HS in order to contribute to subsequent research in this area.