Objective To investigate the differences in physical fitness and physiological indexes of male soldiers stationed at different altitudes and to analyze the determinants of physical fitness of these soldiers. Methods A total of 13 648 male soldiers at different altitudes were included, whose results of annual military physical assessment and physiological indexes in 2023 were collected and comparatively analyzed. Results The 3000-meter running performance, 30-meter × 2 serpentine running performance and resting blood oxygen saturation of high-altitude soldiers gradually declined with the increase of altitudes. The pull-up performance dropped significantly when the altitude >2000 m. Soldiers ≥30 years old demonstrated a marked decline in physical fitness across different training programs. Moderate altitude acclimatization was conduciveto the recovery of physical fitness of soldiers,while exposure to high-altitude environment ≥5 years led to overall deterioration. Conclusion The high-altitude environment significantly impacts the aerobic endurance, speed, agility, and strength of soldiers. Altitude ≥4000 m, age ≥30 years, and prolonged exposure ≥5 years may contribute to the decline in physical fitness of soldiers.

Objective To establish a stable in vitro model of CD8⁺ T cell exhaustion. Methods CD8⁺ T cells were isolated and purified from the spleens of ovalbumin-specific CD8⁺ T cell receptor （OT-I） transgenic mice and subjected to chronic antigen stimulation to induce exhaustion in vitro. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate the expressions of exhaustion markers, secretion of effector cytokines, and transcription factor profiles in CD8⁺ T cells. Exhausted and effector （non-exhausted） CD8⁺ T cells were co-cultured with tumor cells before tumor cell viability was measured to assess the cytotoxic potential of CD8⁺ T cells. Additionally, N-acetyl-L-cysteine （N-AC） was used as a positive control during exhaustion induction to validate the model. Results Chronic stimulation resulted in a significant upregulation of inhibitory receptors, including programmed cell death protein 1 （PD-1）, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 （TIM-3）, T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifdomain （TIGIT）, and lymphocyte activation gene 3 （LAG-3）. Concurrently, the secretion of key effector cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and interferon-γ （IFN-γ） was markedly reduced. Exhausted CD8⁺ T cells exhibited diminished cytotoxicity against tumor cells compared to effector CD8⁺ T cells. Notably, treatment with N-AC effectively restored the function of exhausted CD8⁺ T cells and enhanced their anti-tumor activity. Conclusion This study has established an effective in vitro model for CD8⁺ T cell exhaustion. The use of N-AC demonstrates its potential to restore functionality in exhausted CD8⁺ T cells, underscoring the reliability and utility of this model for investigating the anti-tumor potential of exhausted T cells.

Zika virus （ZIKV） is a mosquito-borne flavivirus associated with neurological complications such as Limbari syndrome in adults and microcephaly in newborns. As there are no drugs or preventive vaccines available to specifically treat ZIKV infection, there is an urgent need to take comprehensive measures to prevent and control ZIKV infection and stop its spread. In this paper, we reviewed the structure and function of ZIKV gene and protein, and summarized the progress in the development of virus-targeting anti-ZIKV drug candidates through high-throughput screening and drug relocation, and summarized the mechanism of action of virus and host cell targeting drug candidates. The research and development trend of small molecule antiviral drugs in the future is prospected, which provides reference for promoting the research and development of new anti-ZIKV drugs.

Objective To analyze the epidemiology and trends of measles,tuberculosis,pertussis,scarlet fever,influenza,mumps and rubella in Beijing between 2014 and 2023 in order to provide data for prevention and control of related diseases. Methods Data on the incidences of seven respiratory infectious diseases in Beijing between 2014 and 2023 was collected. Descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze their demographic,temporal and spatial distribution. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess temporal trends in incidence. Results A total of 1 406 777 cases of seven respiratory infectious diseases were reported in Beijing between 2014 and 2023,which corresponded to an average crude rate of 649.76/100 000 reported annually. The crude rate of incidencewas higher among females than among males,with the most vulnerable age groups being 0-4 years and 5-19 years,and was higher in the six districts than on the outskirts.Most of the respiratory infectious diseases peaked in winter and spring. The annual increase in the incidence of respiratory infectious diseases in Beijing in this period averaged 27.27%,with no statistically significant differences in trends. The incidence rates of measles,tuberculosis,scarlet fever,mumps and rubella decreased significantly while those of pertussis and influenza increased,but with no statistically significant difference. Conclusion The overall incidence of major respiratory infectious diseases in Beijing is increasing. It is recommended that more people get vaccinated,surveillance of such diseases as pertussis and influenza be enhanced,and regional health resources be allocated more effectively,all of which will be critical to subsequent prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases in Beijing.

Objective To establish a simulated model that can optimize strategies for medical evacuation in case of mass casualties,and to study the guidelines for centralized scheduling of evacuation vehicles. Methods A simulated model was constructed based on theories about discrete event simulation and on processes of medical evacuation. Evacuation processes under different scheduling strategies were simulated and quantitatively evaluated in terms of efficiency of evacuation and utilization of resources.The impact of key parameters on the medical evacuation system was analyzed. Results When the critically wounded were given priority,the rate of immediate treatment for the wounded was the highest（87.44%）,and the median waiting time for the wounded was 23.70 min. In terms of utilization of resources,the strategy of prioritizing the critically wounded delivered the best result,with an average of 2.94 persons evacuated per vehicle and an overall rate of vehicle utilization was 50.93%. The daily number of the wounded and the number of evacuation vehicles made a big difference in the performance of the rescue system. Command and scheduling had to be dynamically optimizedas required so as to strike a balance between the efficiency of treatment and utilizationof resources. Conclusion This simulated model for medical evacuation in case of mass casualties,which is based on theories about discrete event simulation,is flexible enough toback up the simulation of strategy optimization.

Objective To investigate the protective effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum on memory of individuals rapidly ascending to high altitudes. Methods Twenty-one healthy subjects were randomly divided into a G. pentaphyllum food group （n=12） and a control group （n=9）. The first group consumed G. pentaphyllum food for seven consecutive days while the control group received placebos. Both groups ascended from the plains to an altitude of 3600 m. Memory function was assessed using the matching memory and sequential memory tests of a cognitive evaluation system on day 1 and day 7 on the plains,and at 24 and 48 h after ascending to the high altitude. Scores of acute mountain sickness symptoms were also recorded. Results After 24 h of stay at the high altitude,the score of headache of the G. pentaphyllum food group was significantly lower than that of the control group（P<; 0.05）. Cognitive test results showed that the matching memory accuracy and sequential memory accuracy of the control group at 24 and 48 h were significantly lower than those on the plains（P<; 0.05）. In contrast,the G.pentaphyllum food group performed significantly better than the control group in these metrics（P<; 0.05）. Conclusion Regular consumption of G. pentaphyllum food can effectively alleviate headache symptoms in individuals rapidly ascending to high altitudes and mitigate the decline in working memory,short-term memory,and memory spans caused by acute hypoxic exposure.

Cell-free biosensors are detection tools that involve cell-free protein synthesis and consist of recognition elements and reporting elements. These biosensors offer several advantages, such as the ease of construction, a significant specificity and a high sensitivity. By overcoming the limitations associated with cell survival and cell membrane barriers, cell-free biosensors can considerably reduce response times. This article reviewed the recognition and reporting components of cell-free biosensors, summarizes recent research advancements in their applications to such spheres of public health as environmental monitoring and disease diagnosis, and explores the programmability and logical analysis capabilities of these biosensors. Future developments in this field are also predicted.

Biometric recognition technology has developed rapidly and highly integrated with clinical diagnostics,phenotypic genomics,genomics,and big data analytics,facilitating not only precise personal identification but also demonstrating significant potential in health maintenance,particularly for military personnel. Global research has increasingly focused on uncovering the complex associations between biometric traits and key health determinants,such as disease susceptibility,psychological states,and physiological functions,to further harness biometrics in proactive health management. This paper provided a comprehensive overview of the latest progress and emerging applications of biometric technology in healthcare and military medicine,aiming to offer a scientific reference supporting the strategic development of biometrics research,its application promotion,and population-wide health management enhancement.

Objective To study the effects of Shugan Jieyu capsules on the cardiac function and state of mind of chronic heart failure（CHF） patients with anxiety and depression. Methods Ninety-four CHF patients with anxiety and depression were randomly divided into the Shugan Jieyu capsule treatment group and mental therapy control group. Self-rating depression Scale（SDS）, self-rating anxiety scale（SAS）, left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide（NT-proBNP）, the 6-minute walking test（6MWT）, hemoglobin（Hb）, interleukin-6（IL-6）, albumin（ALB） and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein（hs-CRP） were compared between the two groups before and after treatment using t-tests and chi-square tests in order to find out about the efficacy of Shugan Jieyu capsules in CHF patients with anxiety and depression. Results After 8 weeks of treatment, SDS, SAS, NT-proBNP, hs-CRP and IL-6 were all significantly lower, especially in the treatment group, while LVEF, 6MWT,Hb and ALB were significantly higher or longer, particularly in the treatment group. Conclusion Shugan Jieyu capsules can effectively alleviate anxiety and depression in CHF patients, improve the cardiac function and nutritional status, and mitigate inflammation.

Objective To study the mechanism by which acoustic wave stimulation improves cognitive function in sleep-deprived mice. Methods （1） Thirty-six male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups： the control group,model group and acoustic wave group （n=12 per group）. A sleep deprivation model was established using the modified multiple platform method. After 21 days of sleep deprivation in a row,mice in the acoustic wave group were exposed to 30-minute acoustic wave stimulation at 40 dB. （2） During sleep deprivation, the health status of each group of mice was recorded, including the mental state and body weight. （3） After 21 days of sleep deprivation, behavioral tests （open field test, novel object recognition test, Y-maze and Morris water maze） were performed to assess the spontaneous activity, spatial exploration, and such cognitive functions as learning and memory in mice. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to analyze the expressions of neuronal nuclear antigen （NeuN）, glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 （Iba-1）in the hippocampus. Quantitative real-time PCR （qPCR） was used to measure the expression levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6）, tumor necrosis factor-alpha （TNF-α） and inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） in the hippocampus. （4） Transcriptome sequencing was employed to explore the mechanism underlying the improvement of cognitive impairment by acoustic wave stimulation. Results After 21 days of sleep deprivation, acoustic wave stimulation significantly alleviated weight loss in mice （P<0.01）. The accuracy of Y-maze spontaneous alternation, indexes of novel object discrimination, the time spent in the target quadrant and the number of times the mice crossed the platformin the Morris water maze were all significantly increased （P<0.05）, while the escape latency was significantly reduced （P<0.05）. The average optical density of NeuN in the hippocampal CA3 region significantly increased （P<0.05）, GFAP and Iba-1 immunopositive cell counts significantly decreased （P<0.01）, and the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS in the hippocampal tissue were significantly reduced （P<0.05）. Conclusion Acoustic wave stimulation can repair neural damage, modulate hippocampal inflammatory responses, and improve cognitive deficits induced by sleep deprivation.

Military training represents one of the most essential activities for troops during peacetime, of which the prevention and treatment of training-induced injuries are a very important part. Recent findings of research suggest that cold atmospheric plasma （CAP） exhibits a distinctive and multifaceted superiority in terms of broad-spectrum sterilization, rapid blood coagulation and healing promotion for wounds. Consequently, CAP has good prospects of applications in diverse fields such as clinical medicine, emergency rescue and military medicine. Based on a review of the research progress in plasma medicine, the applicability of CAP in the prevention and treatment of military training injuries was discussed in this paper by focusing on the urgent issues related to military training injury, including the typical application scenarios and methods for CAP, the safety and effectiveness of plasma trauma prevention and treatment, and the key issues facing the prevention and treatment of military training injuries.

This article reviewed the progress in military operational medicine in the U.S. Armed Forces in 2024 in terms of improved capabilities of health care in extreme natural environments,protection from noise damage,sleep interventions, intelligence monitoring of operational efficiency and more academic exchanges in this field. These measures are intended to improve the operational performance of soldiers in every possible way. This article is expected to provide useful references for related research.

In 2023, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency （DARPA） continued to advance the deployment of biotechnology projects. By translating cutting-edge biotechnological breakthroughs into practical applications, DARPA provided new methods to enhance the U.S. military capabilities in treating war wounds, improving the performance of facilities and equipment, and boosting soldier effectiveness. This paper offers an in-depth analysis of the progress of DARPA biotechnology projects in 2023, aiming to provide reference for related research endeavors in China.

Objective To develop nanobodies with broad-spectrum reactivity, specificity, and high sensitivity that can be used for detecting multiple subtypes of influenza A virus, and to establish a nanobody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） method. Methods Gene sequences of twelve nanobodies against influenza A virus were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information （NCBI） and nanobody databases.The nanoantibodies were prepared using molecular biological techniques including gene synthesis and recombinant expression. The binding activity, specificity, sensitivity, and affinity of these nanobodies were determined by ELISA screening and Gator affinity analysis. A double-antibody sandwich ELISA assay was established by combining the selected nanobody with a traditional mouse monoclonal antibody. Results Twelve nanobodies were expressed and purified. Two nanobodies capable of binding to multiple subtypes of influenza virus including H1, H3, H5, H7, and H9 were obtained and designated as VHH54 and KV108. Both nanobodies showed no cross-reactivity with other respiratory virus antigens. Furthermore, the KV108 nanobody exhibited the highest binding affinity, with a dissociation constant of 5.94×; 10-9 mol/L for the influenza virus nucleoprotein （NP）, and the lowest detection concentration for the NP antigen reached 0.00064 μg/mL. The double-antibody sandwich ELISA,using a combination of KV108 and a mouse monoclonal antibody, could sensitively detect the five common subtypes of influenza A virus （H1N1, H3N2,H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2）. The lowest detection limit reached 110-403 PFU/mL, which was higher than that of the commercial colloidal gold kitfor influenza virus detection. Conclusion This study has identified a nanobody KV108, which is capable of binding to multiple subtypes of influenza virus, and established a nanobody-based ELISA method that can detect multiple subtypes of influenza A virus. This study can facilitate the development of nanobody-based influenza detection technologies.

Objective To design and develop an intelligent triage model for earthquake casualties that is intended for medical rescue teams based on reinforcement learning and the feasibility of this model is verified via computer simulation. Methods The process, difficulty, and requirements of the triage of the injured during an earthquake medical rescue were analyzed. The Markov decision process was used to formally describe the problem. Subsequently, a triage model was designed and developed based on reinforcement learning. Finally, the effectiveness of the model was verified through simulation experiments. Results Compared with conventional triage strategies, this intelligent triage model showed significant advantages in terms of mortality rates and waiting time.Under experimental conditions, casualties decreased by nearly 50%, and the waiting time for both nonoperative casualties（T-class） and operative casualties（S-class） casualties also decreased. Conclusion The intelligent triage model can autonomously learn triage strategies, reduce the casualty rate while lowering the waiting time for the injured, thereby effectively improving the efficiency of treatment of earthquake injuries.

The special natural environment of the plateau brings about great difficulties and challenges to the field medical support. The serious injury treatment group of the field medical team is responsible for the early treatment of the critically injured, which is highly demanding and is more likely to be adversely affected by the plateau environment. Based on the real experiences and current reality, this paper outlines the priorities of work done by the serious injury treatment group on the plateau in terms of personnel selection, professional training, material preparation, site construction, treatment regimens and combat readiness in the hope of providing references for the medical support for China′s the military on the plateau.

Objective To explore the effects of lipoxygenase （LOX） on severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus （SFTSV） in human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs）. Methods The CCK-8 assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of LOX in HUVECs. Real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR） was adopted to detect the replication of viral RNA in cells. The infection rate of SFTSV to HUVECs was observed via indirect immunofluorescence assay （IFA）. The expressions of intracellular viral NP protein and autophagy related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3） and adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR） were detected via Western blotting. Lipid metabolomics was used to analyze the differences in expressions of intracellular metabolites in the SFTSV-infected Huh 7 with or without LOX treatment. Results The results of CCK-8 showed no obvious cytotoxicity to HUVECs with LOX≤8 mg/mL. With the increase of LOX concentrations,the viral RNA level,viral infection rate,and expressions of SFTSV nucleoprotein （NP） protein were gradually decreased,respectively. The autophagy reaction was activated in SFTSV-infected HUVECs,evidenced by the increased expression level of LC3Ⅱprotein. Compared with the untreated group,LOX treatment resulted in decreased levels of LC3Ⅱand AMPK phosphorylation,and enhanced phosphorylation of mTOR in SFTSV-infected HUVEC. Conclusion LOX negatively regulates autophagy by inhibiting AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway,thereby inhibiting SFTSV replication.

Objective To establish a human intestinal organ-on-a-chip model using a multi-array chip array to simulate the microphysiological structure of the human intestine and to investigate the impact of ionizing radiation on radiation-induced damage to human intestinal cells. Methods Caco-2 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs） were co-cultured in an organ chip. The cells were subjected to fluid shear stress via a precision shaker. After 7 days of dynamic culture,the morphological structure of intestinal epithelial cells and venous endothelial cells within the intestinal organ chip was examined using phase contrast microscopy,immunofluorescence staining,and confocal microscopy for three-dimensional （3D） imaging. γ-H2AX and TUNEL immunofluorescence staining were employed to assess DNA damage and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells two days post-irradiation. Villin immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate villus height three days post-irradiation. EdU incorporation assay and Ki67 immunofluorescence staining were conducted to observe the effects of ionizing radiation on the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Results After 7 days of dynamic culture,phase contrast microscopy and immunofluorescence staining combined with confocal 3D imaging revealed that the upper intestinal epithelial cells in the middle compartment of the chip formed a 3D intestinal villus structure,while the vascular endothelial cells in the lower compartment developed a vascular network structure. The chip was subsequently irradiated by 10 Gy X-ray. Immunofluorescence staining results indicated that the mean fluorescence intensity of γ-H2AX and TUNEL in the irradiated group was significantly higher than in the non-irradiated group 2 days after irradiation （P<; 0.01）,and that the proportion of EDU+ and Ki67+ cells in the irradiated group was significantly lower than in the non-irradiated group three days after irradiation （P<; 0.05）. Conclusion Caco-2 cells and HUVECs co-culture on an organ chip can generate the biomimetic structure of human intestinal villus. Ionizing radiation has been found to shorten intestinal villus,increase DNA damage and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells,and inhibit the proliferation of these cells.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of oral and maxillofacial injuries from military training and provide references for related prevention and treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of the medical records of 111 patients with oral and maxillofacial military training injuries treated between 2014 and 2023. Results From 2014 to 2023, the number of hospitalized patients with maxillofacial military training injuries in the hospital trended upward. The top 3 training injuries in the spectrum of diseases were maxillofacial fractures （45.08%）, maxillofacial space infections （28.83%）, and temporomandibular joint injuries （18.92%）. The average number of hospitalizations for all maxillofacial military training injuries was 1.33 （1-4）, and the median length of hospital stay was 8 （5,12） days. The median hospitalization cost was 14 793.23 （5236.18, 24 255.25） yuan, and the improvement rate was 95.50%. Conclusion The number of patients hospitalized due to oral and maxillofacial military training injuries in this hospital is increasing year by year, and the injuries are mostly jaw fractures. Precautions should be taken to prevent maxillofacial training injuries.

Anxiety and fear,as common symptoms of psychiatric disorders,remain inadequately understood in terms of their pathogenesis. Changes in immune inflammation are considered to play a significant role in both the pathological and physiological processes associated with these mental illnesses. In recent years,it has been demonstrated that stress can regulate immune inflammation through multiple pathways,including the regulation of the autonomic nervous system,the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and its metabolite kynurenine,and the gut-brain axis. These pathways are implicated in the onset and treatment of anxiety and fear-related mental illnesses. This article focuses on the relationships between anxiety and fear-related mental illnesses and immune inflammatory responses.

Metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment is closely associated with tumor initiation and progression. Endogenous metabolites can not only regulate tumor formation and metastasis, but also impair antitumor immune efficacy by influencing immune cells. However, current research focuses on the effects of single metabolites on tumors rather than take into account the systemic nature of metabolic networks, the diversity of metabolic products, and their dynamic regulatory roles in the tumor immune microenvironment. An in-depth analysis of the key nodes in metabolic pathways related to endogenous metabolites and their regulatory mechanisms in tumor progression is crucial to the development of antitumor therapies based on metabolic intervention. This paper provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms by which endogenous metabolites, such as amino acids, lipids and nucleotides, contribute to tumor progression and regulate the immune microenvironment. By offering new theoretical insights into the complex network of the metabolism-immune axis in tumor development, this review aims to provide data for the development of metabolism-targeted antitumor immunotherapy strategies.

Objective To investigate the role of the piriformcortex in regulating attentional behavior in mice. Methods Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a 5-choice serial reaction time task （5-CSRTT）. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect expressions of cellular FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog protein （c-Fos） in the piriform cortex. The changes of attentional behavior in the 5-CSRTT test were explored following either stereotactic injection of diphtheria toxin A virus to specifically damage piriform cortex neurons or chemogenetical inhibition of the neuronal activity inthe piriform cortex. Results It was found that the expression of c-Fos in the 5-CSRTT-tested mice was significantly increased compared to the control.Both lesion and chemogenetic inhibition of piriform cortex neuronsreduced the accuracy of attention,but omission rates and premature responses remained unaffected in the 5-CSRTT test. Conclusion Piriform cortex neuronsmay play a critical role in modulating attentional processes in mice.

Hypoxia inducible factors （HIFs） are core molecules that enable the body to adapt to hypoxia environments. By sensing changes in intracellular oxygen pressure,HIFs regulate gene expression related to hypoxia adaptation,thereby enhancing the body's hypoxia tolerance at cellular,tissue and organ levels. On the other hand,HIFs promote the generation of red blood cells,angiogenesis,and regulate the body's energy metabolism,thereby improving its hypoxia tolerance. The enhancement of hypoxia tolerance is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of hypoxia-related diseases,upgrading of athletes' performance,enhancement of workers' efficiency at high-altitudes,and the improvement of individuals' quality of life. This article reviews the relationships between HIFs and hypoxia tolerance as well as related mechanisms in order to provide strategies for enhancing hypoxia tolerance in the body.

Objective To investigate the age-dependent modulatory effects of treadmill exercise on spatial learning and memory in mice and to elucidate the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice at three distinct developmental stages were subjected to a controlled treadmill training protocol for a duration of four weeks. Cognitive performance was assessed in terms of spatial learning and memoryusing a series of behavioral tests. To examine exercise-induced neurogenesis,proliferating adult neural stem cells in the hippocampal region were labeled via intraperitoneal administration of BrdU. Meanwhile,physiological parameters,including body and muscle weight,were monitored throughout the experiment. Results The study revealed significant age-specific effects of treadmill training. In one-month-old mice,exercise intervention markedly enhanced spatial learning and memory,along with increased proliferation of hippocampal neural stem cells,but no significant alterations were observed in body or muscle weight. In six-month-old mice,treadmill training selectively improved spatial memory and led to increased muscle weight. Notably,three-month-old mice exhibited no significant exercise-induced changes in cognitive performance,hippocampal neurogenesis,or muscle weight. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that treadmill exercise exerts significant,age-dependent regulatory effects on spatial learning and memory,with the most pronounced and comprehensive improvements observed in one-month-old mice. The cognitive enhancements may be mediated,at least partially,through exercise-induced promotion of hippocampal neurogenesis. This study provides data for elucidation of the mechanistic basis of exercise-mediated cognitive enhancement and contributes to the potential applications of exercise interventions in cognitive optimization and neuroplasticity across different developmental stages.

α 2-Macroglobulin （A2M） is a high-abundance plasma protein with a molecular weight of 720× 10³, containing 1451 residues and 11 domains, and was isolated and identified for the first time in 1946. The capture and inhibitory effect on proteases is the classical biological function of A2M. However, A2M can also interact with membrane receptors, cytokines, and growth factors, and act as a molecular chaperone to affect extracellular protein homeostasis so that it is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes such as immunity, inflammation, and degeneration. This article reviews the structural characteristics of A2M, the reported molecular targets, the mechanism of action, and its biological effects in the hope of providing a new line of thought for the functional exploration and clinical applications of A2M.

With the development of technology, humans are increasingly exposed to radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Previous studies have shown that radio frequency radiation could affect public health, but there was no consensus on whether radio frequency radiation affected human cognitive function, and most experimental results were not reproducible. Based on literature currently available, this paper reviews the measurement and control methods of public exposure and laboratory exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, and the effects of long term and short term electromagnetic radiation on cognitive function and neural activity of the human brain. The existing problems are summarized, prospects are predicted, and recommendations are given as to how the influence of radio frequency electromagnetic fields on cognitive function should be studied in the future.

The discovery of hemoglobin variants with low oxygen affinity,diagnostic methods,prognosis of carriers,and developments in analyzing hemoglobin oxygen-carrying and -releasing abilities are reviewed in this article in order to draw the attention of related clinical departments and to provide references for optimizing the process of diagnosis and treatment. Hemoglobin variants with low oxygen affinity originate from gene mutations encoding hemoglobin and autosomal dominant inheritance. The diagnosis should be combined with clinical manifestations and family history and differentiated from methemoglobinemia. A decrease in pulse oxygen saturation （SpO₂） is often the first abnormality observed in asymptomatic carriers of hemoglobin variants with low oxygen affinity. Laboratory examinations include arterial blood gas analysis,hemoglobin oxygen affinity testing,protein analysis and gene sequencing. Most carriers do not require specific treatment and have a good prognosis,who should avoid acute hypoxic injuries induced by strenuous exercise,emotional stress,or high temperature. Moreover,health practitioners should pay attention to their responses to anesthetics,agents that induce oxidative stress,drugs that increase hemoglobin oxygen affinity,and prostacyclins. Hemoglobin oxygen-carrying and-releasing analysis is a promising tool to identify carriers of hemoglobin variants with low oxygen affinity because it does not involve unnecessary or invasive examinations and is of significant values for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To explore the role of Schlafen4 （SLFN4） in acute pneumonia induced by hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae （hvKp） via intratracheal aerosolization. Methods Differential expression gene Slfn4 was identified after infection with hvKp based on RNA sequencing （RNA-seq） and single-cell RNA sequencing （scRNA-seq） data before Slfn4^-/- mice were obtained via CRISPR/Cas gene editing technology. Slfn4^-/- mice and wild mice were challenged via intratracheal aerosolization. Mortality and weight changes were recorded for 14 d, while pathological changes and expression levels of interleukin-6 （IL-6）, IL-17A, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） were detected at 48 h post-infection. Results SLFN4 expression was significantly increased in wild mice after infection with hvKp. Survival was significantly increased, and weight loss was mitigated before gradual recovery in Slfn4^-/- mice after infection. The knockout of SLFN4 attenuated alveolar wall thickening, diminished neutrophil infiltration, and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production （IL-6, IL-17A, IL-1β, TNF-α） in the lung at 48 h post-infection. Conclusion The deletion of SLFN4 may suppress the expression of specific pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuate neutrophil over-recruitment in the lung, thereby alleviating pneumonia in mice after hvKp infection.

Objective To construct a database for molecular mass spectra of toxins and drugs in order to facilitate the management and retrieval of mass spectra for nerve agents,metabolites and other small molecules. Methods Requirement analysis and functional design were performed using software engineering methods. The Spec2Vec algorithm was used for vector representation of mass spectra,while SMILES molecular structures were vectorized using the extended connectivity fingerprint （ECFP）。 A data storage model integrating structured information and vector representations was established using the Milvus database. Similarity search of mass spectra and molecular structures was conducted via vector similarity comparison and the FlashEntropySearch algorithm. Results The constructed database of mass spectra encompassed over 400,000 entries from such sources as OCAD,NIST,MASSBANK,metabolic products,and natural products of TCM,which was capable of searching for similarities in mass spectra and molecular structures. On a standard server,similarity search of mass spectra took no more than 5 seconds,while that of molecular structures took no more than 1 second. Conclusion The system enables efficient management of complex mass spectra and provides rapid retrieval and comparison of mass spectra-related information through advanced vector indexing technology,offering robust data support and research tools for toxicology and pharmacology.

Objective To assess the impact of freeze-drying and dry heat virus inactivation processes on the activity of α2-macroglobulin （A2M） derived from human plasma Cohn fraction Ⅳ. Methods A2M derived from human plasma Cohn fraction Ⅳ was prepared and subjected to programmed freeze-drying with dry heat virus inactivation. The lyophilized products were evaluated for their appearance, water content, and validation of the viral inactivation process. The bioactivity of the products before and after lyophilization as well as before and after dry heat inactivation was determined via trypsin inhibition, and the comparisons were studied. Results The appearance of the lyophilized product was fluffy, and the water content was （5.83±0.45）%. The specific activities of the samples before and after lyophilization were （10.199±0.137） and （10.033±0.201）μg/mg, respectively, with no statistically significantdifference between the two groups （P>0.05）. The viral inactivation of the samples was carried out by using dry heat inactivation conditions at 100 ℃ for 30 min. After inactivation, the reduction was ≥5.125 LgTCID₅₀/0.1 mL in Pseudorabies virus （PRV） titers,≥4.500 LgTCID₅₀/0.1 mL in Sindbis virus （SinV） titers, ≥6.375 LgTCID₅₀/0.1 mL in encephalomyocarditis virus （EMCV） titers, and ≥4.500 LgTCID₅₀/0.1 mL in porcine parvovirus （PPV） titers. The specific activities of the samples before and after dry heat were （9.921±0.292） and （10.091±0.278）μg/mg, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion A2M derived from human plasma Cohn fraction Ⅳ, when subjected to freeze-drying followed by dry heat inactivation at 100 ℃ for 30 minutes, can effectively inactivate viruses without altering the biological activity of the product.

Objective To identify potential drug target genes associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis （IPF） and predict therapeutic candidates using a two-sample Mendelian randomization （MR） approach across the druggable genome. Methods Druggable genome data from the DGIdb database and Finan were integrated to identify overlapping genes. A two-sample MR analysis was performed to infer causal relationships between genes and IPF. Functional enrichment analyses,including Gene Ontology （GO） and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG）,were conducted to explore biological pathways. Drug-target interactions were predicted via DSigDB database screening,followed by molecular docking simulations to evaluate binding affinities. Results Among the 2588 overlapping druggable genes,thirty exhibited significant causal associations with IPF （P< 0.05）. Four hub genes （NOD2,LATS2,LTA,and TCF7L2） were enriched in IPF-related pathways,notably Hippo and TNF signaling. Six potential therapeutics were identified： oxyphenbutazone,moexipril,α-galactosylceramide,GSK429286A,CGP74514A,and JW-7-24-1. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities between these drugs and their targets. Conclusion This study has identified thirty druggable gene targets and six candidate drugs for IPF. The enrichment of hub genes in key pathways and validated drug-target interactions provide insights into IPF therapies.;

High intensity ultraviolet radiation exists in special military operation environments such as oceans, plateaus, polar regions and deserts, which is a leading contributor to eye damage and can lead to luminous keratitis, dry eyes, pterygium, cataract and macular degeneration. Ultraviolet radiation can cause acute and chronic injury to eyes by inducing DNA damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction. The commonly used clinical drugs have played a role in relieving symptoms and promoting the repair of ocular tissues, but there are still limitations. The research on targeted therapeutic drugs, proteins and their derived peptides, vitamins and their coenzymes, as well as natural active ingredients of animals and plants has provided new ideas for the development of more effective drugs that can protect eyes from ultraviolet and for medical support to China’s army in special environments. Based on the literature currently available, this paper reviews the eye injury caused by ultraviolet radiation and therapeutic drugs in terms of types of eye diseases, injury mechanisms, treatment strategies and drug development.

机器人手术系统发展迅速,依靠5G通讯技术可以远程实施,具备未来多域作战环境中开展手术的应用价值。该文结合海军军医大学第一附属医院临床教学中心的机器人手术培训经验,从腹腔镜基础到动物实训,从手术录像讲解到手术直播演示,以及打造进阶式机器人手术实训体系等方面,探讨机器人手术实训体系在高等医学教育中的应用。

Objective To develop a system for retrieving information from clinical records of Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） based on generative large language models（LLMs）. Methods Applicational needs of the system were analyzed, and entity types to be retrieved were identified. The functions, workflows, and architecture of the system were designed by combining the automatic retrieval capabilities of LLMs with human-in-the-loop （HITL）. The software was developed using such frameworks as vLLM and Node.js. Interaction of multiple commercial/open source LLMs was implemented using OpenAI-compatible interfaces. The quality of information retrieved from LLMs was enhanced by prompt engineering. Results This system supported task allocation, automatic retrieval of structured information, and manual review. To evaluate its performance, the moonshot-v1-8k model was used to retrieve clinical records of TCM before manual edition was performed. Combining large language model pre-annotation with meticulous annotator edits improved accuracy by 26.6% compared to the BERT-BiLSTM-CRF model, and enhanced extraction efficiency by 1.6-fold relative to purely manual methods. Conclusion General generative LLMs can retrieve a wide range of entity information from TCM records with high accuracy and scalability. The design and implementation of this system approach may provide a useful reference for developing other biomedical information retrieval systems.

Pyruvate kinase M2 （PKM2） is closely linked to a variety of neurological disorders, involved in the onset and progression of a wide range of diseases, including Alzheimer′s disease, Parkinson′s disease, multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury through such mechanisms as aerobic glycolysis, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.This review is intended to provide an overview of the biological characteristics of PKM2 and its role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological disorders. A better understanding of the correlations between PKM2 and the development of neurological diseases can offer new insights into and references for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

Objective To develop a deep learning algorithm（Bio-section to Gene, B2G） for predicting spatially resolved gene expression profiles directly from histopathological images. Methods Digital histopathological images were processed through an integrated framework comprising convolutional neural networks （CNNs） and the Transformer architecture. Local histological features were extracted by the CNN module while global feature correlations were captured by the Transformer module. Cellular characteristics in digital tissue sections were systematically identified, followed by regression-based prediction of spatially resolved gene expression profiles. Results The B2G algorithm demonstrated significantly higher prediction accuracy than existing methods （weighted median PCC 0.1776）. This framework exhibited robust performance across multiple cancer types and histological preparation protocols. Conclusion This computational approach may provide a morphology-driven strategy for spatial transcriptomic analysis. The framework could facilitate cost-effective biomarker discovery in clinical specimens while reducing reliance on specialized molecular techniques. Additionally, it might enable further exploration of tumor microenvironment heterogeneity.

Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death accompanied by cell swelling, nuclear condensation, membrane rupture, and the release of intracellular inflammatory factors. Pyroptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of multiple organ and system diseases, and can trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses. Studies have demonstrated that effective components of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） exhibit significant effects on modulating pyroptosis and the subsequent inflammatory responses. Here we review the research progress in studies on how TCM effective components improve diseases via pyroptosis in order to provide data for the development of new TCMs.

Objective To study the risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI） undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention （EPCI）. Methods Nine hundred and eight patients with acute myocardial infarction （AMI） who underwent EPCI at Beijing Jingmei Group General Hospital between September 2016 and December 2022 were enrolled and divided into an in-hospital death group （36 cases） and a survival group （872 cases） based on in-hospital outcomes. The basic information, clinical indicators, results of coronary angiography, outcomes of EPCI, and complications were compared between the two groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors for in-hospital mortality during EPCI. Results The age and serum creatinine levels of the death group were higher than those of the survival group （P<0.05）, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate （eGFR） and hemoglobin （Hb） levels were lower than those of the survival group （P<0.05）. The proportion of diabetes mellitus, cerebral infarction, cardiogenic shock, left main culprit lesion, rapid ventricular arrhythmia, TIMI flow grade <3 after EPCI for culprit vessel, and intra-aortic balloon pump （IABP） implantation in the death group were higher than those of the survival group （P<0.05）. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that age, cardiogenic shock, TIMI flow grade <3 after culprit vessel intervention, and rapid ventricular arrhythmia had a statistically significant impact on in-hospital mortality in EPCI （P<0.05）. Conclusion Age, cardiogenic shock, TIMI flow grade <3 after PCI for culprit vessels, and rapid ventricular arrhythmia are independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality in EPCI patients with AMI.