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  • Original articles
    Influence of night vision goggles on depth perception and the value of depth perception training
    YU Fei, SU Fang, CHEN Shan, LU Tingting, ZHANG Huibian, TIAN Dawei, YAO Qin
    2024, 48(3): 161-165. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.001
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    Objective To study the influence of night vision goggles （NVG） on depth perception and the role of depth perception training in improving depth perception. Methods The naked and NVG depth perception of 113 healthy male volunteers was tested using facilities for depth perception measurement and NVGs in a dark room. The measurements were repeated three times. Differential analysis was conducted of naked and NVG depth perception.Variance analysis was used to determine the influence of the number of times of measurement on the results of depth perception. Results The results of 3-time measurements of naked depth perception were （62.55±64.70）mm, （39.83±42.55）mm and （39.50±42.89）mm respectively, compared with （98.29±83.74）mm, （63.22±60.29）mm and （65.50±69.69）mm for NVG depth perception. The results of 3-time measurements of NVG depth perception were significantly worse（P<0.05）. The results of the second and third measurements were significantly improved compared with the first one（P<0.05）, involving both the naked and NVG depth perception. Conclusion Depth perception with NVGs is significantly worse than naked perception, but it can be enhanced after experience is gained. Pilots need to experience depth perception with NVGs and their depth perception should be evaluated before night flight missions.
  • Original articles
    Uroporphyrinogen Ⅲ synthase promotes bone loss by increasing osteoclast activity in mouse bone tissue under weightlessness
    TONG Fan, LIU Mingqiu, DING Yi, WU Zhengsheng, CUI Chunping
    2024, 48(3): 166-171. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.002
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    Objective To investigate the impact of uroporphyrinogen Ⅲ synthase （UROS） on bone loss induced by weightlessness. Methods Eight male C57BL/6J mice aged 9 weeks were randomly assigned to a control group and a tail suspension group,with four mice in each. Following a 28-day period of tail suspension,the hind limbs of the mice underwent micro-CT and mechanical testing,respectively. A microgravity osteoclast model was established using the cell cyclotron device （RCCS）. Changes in osteoclast differentiation activity induced by microgravity were assessed via real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR） and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase （TRAP） staining. Additionally,alterations in UROS expression levels were detected using qPCR and Western blotting analysis. The protein expression of UROS was also determined via Western blotting. A UROS knockout RAW264.7 stable strain was generated. qPCR and TRAP staining were employed to confirm the downregulation of osteoclast differentiation activity upon UROS deficiency. Results After hindlimb unloading in mice,a marked decrease in bone mass was observed in the bone tissue,which was accompanied by a pronounced upregulation of UROS protein expression. Upon exposure to microgravity,osteoclasts exhibited an upregulation of UROS protein expression,along with increased levels of osteoclast differentiation markers including matrix metalloproteinase 9 （MMP-9） and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase （TRAP）. Knockdown of UROS significantly downregulated the expression levels of osteoclast differentiation-related markers,indicating its crucial role in osteoclast differentiation and bone metabolism. Conclusion Under weightlessness stress,the expression level of UROS in osteoclasts is upregulated,leading to enhanced osteoclast activity and an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation,with bone resorption exceeding bone formation,which ultimately results in bone loss.
  • Original articles
    Effect of PIKfyve gene deletion on distribution and number of mature immune cells in mice
    QIAO Zizhi, ZHANG Xuewen, XING Shuang, SHU Hui, LI Yuqing, WANG Hua, YU Zuyin
    2024, 48(3): 172-179. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.003
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    Objective To establish a mouse model with an inducible deletion of PIKfyve genes throughout the body and hematopoietic system and explore the impact of PIKfyve on immune homeostasis. Methods LoxP sites were inserted at both ends of exon 6 of the PIKfyve gene to establish PIKfyve+/flox mice. PIKfyve+/flox mice were cross-bred to produce PIKfyveflox/flox mice. PIKfyveflox/flox mice were cross-bred with UBC-Cre/ERT2 mice to obtain PIKfyve+/flox, UBC-Cre/ERT2 mice and PIKfyveflox/flox, UBC-Cre/ERT2 mice, the target mice. Genotyping was performed using tail gene PCR, and deletion efficiency was identified post-induction via real-time quantitative PCR （qPCR） and Western blotting. The proportion and number of mature immune cells in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and spleens were observed and compared between the knockout mice and control mice. A similar breeding strategy was adopted to introduce PIKfyveflox/flox,MX1-Cre mice to confirm the aforementioned results in a distinct mouse model. Results Successful generation of PIKfyveflox/flox, UBC-Cre/ERT2 mice was confirmed based on mouse breeding and tail gene PCR. After induction, a significant decrease in PIKfyve mRNA and protein contents in the knockout mice indicated the establishment of a proper model. Peripheral blood analysis revealed a significant reduction in white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes in the PIKfyve-deficient mice. Flow cytometry demonstrated an overall decrease in the proportions of B cells and NK cells, with a significant increase in T cells and neutrophils, while the overall number trended down. Results from PIKfyveflox/flox,MX1-Cre mice were consistent with those of PIKfyveflox/flox, UBC-Cre/ERT2 mice. Conclusion A workable PIKfyve knockout mouse model has been established, suggesting that PIKfyve can regulate the number and proportions of mature immune cells while making a difference to immune homeostasis.
  • Original articles
    Effects of apilimod on steady-state hematopoiesis in mice
    WANG Xun, QIAO Zizhi, SHU Hui, YANG Xin, LI Yuqing, ZHANG Xuewen, JI Aoqiang, SHEN Xing, XING Shuang, YU Zuyin
    2024, 48(3): 180-186. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.004
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    Objective To study the effect of apilimod on hematopoietic cells in mice under steady-state conditions. Methods 6-8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into the solvent control group （vehicle） and apilimod administration group, which were intraperitoneally injected with the vehicle and apilimod 0.2 mL/mouse, respectively. Before and after administration, peripheral blood cell counts, the absolute value of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from peripheral blood/spleen/bone marrow and the concentrations of such cytokines as IL-10 in serum were compared between the two groups. In the hematopoietic stem progenitor cell detection experiment, a plerixafor（AMD3100） group and water for injection （WFI） control group were set up, which were injected with AMD3100 at 5 mg/kg and WFI 0.2 mL/mouse, respectively. Results The peripheral blood cell count of mice changed significantly at 6-12 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of apilimod 40 mg/kg, but returned to the pre-administration level at 24 h post-treatment. At 9 h after apilimod injection, the number of platelets of mice treated with apilimod was 78.2% of the pre-administration number, and the red blood cell count did not change significantly, but was lower than that of the vehicle group （P<0.05）. Additionally, the absolute value of lymphocytes decreased while that of neutrophils and monocytes increased. The absolute value of neutrophils at 9 h increased 8.7 times after treatment, and was significantly higher than that of the vehicle group （P<0.05）. Apilimod 10-50 mg/kg increased neutrophils of mice in a dose-dependent manner at 9 h after a single intraperitoneal injection （R²=0.9556）. Nine hours after injection of apilimod 40 mg/kg, the numbers of mononucleated cells（MNCs）, immature hematopoietic cells （lin-） and lin- Sca-1- c-kit+ cells（LK） in the peripheral blood and spleen of the apilimod group were significantly larger than those of the vehicle group （P<0.05）. The number of lin- Sca-1+ c-kit+ cells（LSK） from spleens of apilimod-treated mice was significantly larger than that of vehicle treated mice （P<0.05）. There was no significant difference between apilimod and AMD3100 treated mice in LK or LSK from peripheral blood and spleens （P>0.05） or in the proportion and number of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells in femur bone marrow between the apilimod group and vehicle group （P>0.05）. Apilimod administration changed the concentration of cytokines in serum. At 9 h post administration, the concentration of interferon-12p70（IL-12p70） decreased while those of interferon-10（IL-10） and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） increased 14.6 and 5.9 times, respectively. Conclusion apilimod has a significant regulatory effect on the number of hematopoietic cells in mice under steady-state conditions. Single intraperitoneal injection of apilimod can significantly affect the absolute value of mature blood cells in the peripheral blood of mice. Moreover, apilimod can increase the value of hematopoietic progenitor cells in peripheral blood and spleens, but has no effect on the value and cell cycle distribution of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in bone marrow. Furthermore, a single injection of apilimod resulted in a decrease in IL-12p70 levels, while increasing the concentrations of IL-10 and TNF-α in the serum.
  • Original articles
    Genetic characterization of plasmids of novel group IncpPrY2001 from Providencia
    LU Xiuhui, HE Jiaqi, ZHENG Yali, WANG Peng, ZHOU Dongsheng, GAO Bo, YIN Zhe
    2024, 48(3): 187-194. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.005
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    Objective To reveal the genomic structure and genetic characteristics of incompatibility （Inc） group IncpPrY2001 in Providencia. Methods The strain was initially identified at the species level using 16S rDNA analysis, followed by sequencing with both second-generation and third-generation sequencing technologies. After acquisition of the sequencing data, average nucleotide identity （ANI） comparisons were made to determine the bacterial species. The minimum inhibitory concentrations （MICs） of the antimicrobial agents were determined using the VITEK 2 Compact System. Complete plasmids sequences were assembled via whole genome sequencing.The intricate genetic context surrounding drug resistance genes was ascertained by means of meticulous annotation and comparative genomic analysis. Results One Inc group IncpPrY2001 was newly designated in this study. The IncpPrY2001 plasmids shared a similar conserved backbone region with the reference plasmid pPrY2001, but exhibited differences in the insertion regions. IncpPrY2001 plasmids shared a common and highly conserved core structure but exhibited variation in their distinct accessory elements. The accessory modules of IncpPrY2001 plasmids showed significant diversity, which indicated a large number of gene gains and losses, including five Tn1696 and a Tn7 related region. In these IncpPrY2001 plasmids, a multitude of antimicrobial resistance genes （ARGs） were identified that were resistant to no fewer than 12 distinct antimicrobial agents across at least eight separate classes. Two new mobile genetic elements （MGEs） were identified, including In1806 and In1807. Conclusion Numerous mobile genetic elements bearing ARGs have inserted themselves within the IncpPrY2001 plasmids, which significantly contributes to the buildup and spread of ARGs, consequently enhancing the survival potential of Providencia under drug-driven selective pressures.
  • Original articles
    Effects and mechanisms of an aqueous extract of Morinda officinalis How on chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior in rats
    LIU Hanjing, LI Shuo, WANG Bikun, WANG Zengming, ZHANG Shanning, LIU Yuanyuan, ZHAO Chunying, ZHENG Aiping
    2024, 48(3): 195-201. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.006
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    Objective To explore the antidepressant effect and mechanism of an aqueous extract of Morinda officinalis How. Methods Thirty-six SD rats were randomly assigned to the control group, model group, the fluoxetine hydrochloride group and low, medium, and high dose groups of aqueous extract of Morinda officinalis How. A chronic unpredictable stress method was used to create a model which was administered for 28 days. Behavioral analysis was conducted to evaluate the antidepressant effect of the aqueous extract of Morinda officinalis How. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphology of hippocampal neurons in rats while immunohistochemistry staining was adopted to detect the expression levels of inflammasome NLRP3 and microglial marker protein Iba-1. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of BDNF, PI3K, Akt, and GSK3β. Results After medication, the behavior and physiology of depressed rats were significantly improved. The Sugar-water preference ratio was significantly increased（P<0.01） and the forced swimming immobility time was significantly shortened （P<0.05）. The morphology of neurons in the CA3 area of the rat hippocampus was improved. The protein expressions of NLRP3 and Iba-1 were reduced. The expression levels of BDNF, PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt proteins were up-regulated while the those of GSK3β and p-GSK3β proteins were down-regulated. Conclusion The aqueous extract of Morinda officinalis How can improve the depression-like behavior induced by chronic stimulation in rats, and its antidepressant mechanism may be related to improving neuronal morphology, inhibiting hippocampal inflammatory response and regulating BDNF/PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway.
  • Original articles
    Establishment of characteristic chromatograms of TLC and HPLC and determination of six components in water-extract of Inula japonica
    MENG Fanheng, LUO Fuyao, FENG Ting, YANG Yu, XU Rui, ZHU Shuaiming, SHAN Junjie
    2024, 48(3): 202-212. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.007
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    Objective To establish the characteristic chromatograms of thin-layer chromatography （TLC） and high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） of the aqueous-extract of Inula japonica Thunb.,and to determine the contents of six components （chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid,isoquercitrin,1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid,4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and inulicin） in the aqueous-extract. Methods （1）The HF254 TLC silica gel plate,developing solvents of n-butanol-acetone-pyridine-water-glacial acetic acid （1∶5∶3∶1∶10 μL） and 10% sulphuric acid-ethanol were used before the chromatographic spots were examined at 365 nm. （2）The Sino Chrom ODS-BP column （ϕ4.6 mm× 250 mm,5 μm） and a mobile phase of 0.05% phosphoric acid solution and acetonitrile were used. The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min,the column temperature 35℃ and detection wavelength 205 nm. （3）The analytic conditions of the six components were similar to those described in method （2）,but the wavelengths were respectively 203 nm （inulicin）,256 nm （isoquercitrin） and 327 nm （caffeic acid,chlorogenic acid,1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid）. Results （1）The TLC chromatograms showed fine properties before and after the colour developer was sprayed. （2）Twenty-eight common peaks were marked in the HPLC characteristic chromatogram,so were ten components （chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid,1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid,4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid,taxifolin, rutin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, luteolin and inulicin）. The aqueous-extracts of eleven batches of materials of Inula japonica shared much similarity based on similarity and cluster analysis. （3） There were good linear relationships,and the linear ranges of chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid,isoquercitrin,1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid,4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and inulicin were 3.25-65.00 μg/mL,4.00-80.00 μg/mL,1.60-32.00 μg/mL,17.75-355.00 μg/mL,2.50-50.00 μg/mL and 3.75-75.00 μg/mL,respectively. The contents of chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid,isoquercitrin,1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid,4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and inulicin in elven batches of water-extract from Inula japonica were 3.38-6.66 μg/mg,2.13-7.35 μg/mg,0.51-1.57 μg/mg,15.81-24.87 μg/mg,0.50-1.08 μg/mg and 0.77-4.73 μg/mg,respectively. Conclusion The specific TLC and HPLC characteristic chromatograms can help ensure accurate quantitative determination of six components of the water-extract of Inula japonica,which can be used for quality control of the water-extract of Inula japonica.
  • Original articles
    A convolutional neural network-based method for differentiating between Escherichia coli and Shigella genomes
    MENG Renjie, LUO Nan, JIN Yuan, YUE Junjie, WANG Boqian, GAO Yuanming
    2024, 48(3): 213-218. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.008
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    Objective To differentiate between highly genetically similar bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. using deep learning techniques in order to contribute to clinical diagnosis and epidemic prevention. Methods A convolutional neural network（CNN） was proposed based on transfer learning with a large-scale pre-trained protein language model, which could enable rapid and accurate identification of bacterial strains at the genus level. To validate the reliability of this model, whole-genome data on related bacteria was retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information（NCBI） in the United States before the full-genome protein sequences of highly genetically similar strains of Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. were selected as experimental samples. Results With this method,genus-level classification accuracies of 97.13% and 95.56% were made available respectively during classification experiments on 2960 strains with high assembly quality and 4945 strains with low assembly quality, which outperformed the other methods currently available. Conclusion This study demonstrates the reliability and potential of deep learning-based methods for differentiation of bacterial types. By integrating self-supervised pre-training techniques with transfer learning, this approach can capture high-dimensional feature differences that are not easily discernible or statistically analyzable by humans. Furthermore, this method exhibits broad applicability, as it requires lower assembly completeness of the bacterial genome sequences used.
  • Original articles
    Therapeutic effects and mechanism of a self-formulated Chinese herbal formula for psoriasis induced by imiquimod in mice
    LI Jinglong, CAO Desen, CAO Gang
    2024, 48(3): 219-224. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.009
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    Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of a self-formulated formula for psoriasis on imiquimod induced BALB/c mouse psoriasis model and explore its mechanism of action. Methods The BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the normal group,model group,and oral external group（all n=10）. The BALB/c mouse psoriasis like model was induced by using back application of 5% imiquimod cream to verify the therapeutic effect of the self-formulated formula for psoriasis. Before induction with imiquimod cream,as well as on the 3rd,7th,10th,and 12th day after induction,the distribution and tortuous changes of blood vessels in the skin of mice were observed by using photoacoustic imaging technology to evaluate the effect of the formula on abnormal angiogenesis. The local pathological changes in the skin of experimental mice wasevaluated by using the Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect changes in the content of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor （TNF-α）,interleukin-17 （IL-17）,and interleukin-6 （IL-6） in mouse skin tissue and serum. By using the flow cytometry,the levels of cytokines such as Treg,Th1,and Th17 in mouse spleen were investigated. Results Compared with the model group,the area and severity index score of psoriasis （PASI） in the oral external group was significantly decreased （P<0.01）,and the levels of TNF-α,IL-17,and IL-6 in the skin of the oral external group were significantly down regulated （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group,the proportion of Treg,Th17,and Th1 cells in the oral external group was significantly reduced （P<0.05）,and the pathological scores of skin tissue （Baker's method） in the oral external group were significantly reduced （P<0.05）. Conclusion Self-formulated formula for psoriasis has a good therapeutic effect on psoriasis and can suppress psoriasis skin lesions through immunosuppressive effects.
  • Original articles
    Renal resistive index combined with pulmonary hypertension in assessing mortality risk in sepsis patients
    HUANG Yuhui, ZHANG Yan, FAN Chunzhi, XU Jinyu, ZHANG Li, GE Huiyu
    2024, 48(3): 225-229. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.010
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    Objective To investigate the applicability of the renal resistive index（RRI） combined with pulmonary hypertension （PH） in predicting the mortality risk of patients with sepsis. Methods The clinical and ultrasonographic data of 115 sepsis patients was retrospectively analyzed who were admitted to the emergency ICU of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital between May 2021 and October 2022. These patients were categorized into the death and survival group based on their 28-day outcomes. The basic information, laboratory tests and bedside ultrasound parameters were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent factors associated with mortality in sepsis. Receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curves were used to assess the role of age, RRI, and PH in predicting sepsis mortality. Results Among these patients, 61 were in the death group and 54 in the survival group. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, oxygenation indexes, lactate levels, B-type natriuretic peptide （BNP）, cardiac troponin, RRI, right atrial transverse diameters, right ventricular basal diameters and PH （P<0.05）. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that age, RRI, and PH were independent factors for mortality in sepsis patients （OR=1.087, 1.091, 3.261, P<0.05）. The areas under the ROC curve for age, renal resistive indexes, and pulmonary hypertension were 0.798, 0.729, and 0.711, respectively. The area for combined prediction under the curve for mortality risk in sepsis patients was 0.856, with a sensitivity of 83.6% and a specificity of 81.5%. Conclusion Age≥74 years, RRI≥0.73, and pulmonary hypertension are significant risk factors for mortality in sepsis. RRI combined with PH can be used for early warning to predict the mortality risk in elderly sepsis patients.
    • Reviews
  • Reviews
    Advancement in mechanism and effectiveness of protective and rewarming equipment against hypothermia
    DING Ruochen, SHU Zhan, YANG Jian
    2024, 48(3): 230-235. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.011
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    Hypothermia is one of the complications of the body under cold environments and trauma, which poses a serious threat to human lives. This paper reviews the technical properties and the development of protective and rewarming equipment, which is of referential value for the design and selection of rewarming equipment for hypothermia of different degrees.
  • Reviews
    Pathology and therapeutic potential of astrocytes in radiation-induced brain injury
    HAN Siman, CHEN Yifei, SHEN Donglai, WANG Yizheng
    2024, 48(3): 236-240. https://doi.org/10.7644/j.issn.1674-9960.2024.03.012
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    Radiation-induced brain injury is a severe brain injury caused by ionizing radiation to normal brain tissue. It is manifested as cognitive dysfunction, decreased learning and memory ability and can even lead to dementia. The treatment of existing drugs for radiation-induced brain injury are far from effective with poor prognosis. Ionizing radiation induces pathological activation of astrocytes, which aggravates the process of radiation-induced brain injury by inducing neuroinflammation and destroying the blood-brain barrier. Here we review the physiological and pathological functions of astrocytes, then analyze the pathological changes and cellular mechanisms of astrocytes involved in radiation-induced brain injury. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of astrocytes in radiation-induced brain injury is discussed, which is expected to provide reference for finding more approaches to radiation-induced brain injury and exploring new therapeutic targets and methods.
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